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. 2019 Jun 26;9:545. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00545

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Copyright © 2019 Roy, Guan, Liu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RA restricts the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells by inhibiting MMP-2/MMP-9 secretion. (A,C) RA inhibited the migration of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (B,D) RA treatment weakened the ability of HepG2 cells to invade through the basement membrane in a concentration-dependent manner. RA restricted the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (E) MMP-2 and (F) MMP-9 from HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Images for migration and invasion assays were taken at 100 and 200× magnifications and the scale bars are 50 and 20 μm, respectively (n = 3 or more; ***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05 vs. control).