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. 2019 Jun 26;9:545. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00545

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Copyright © 2019 Roy, Guan, Liu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RA induces S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. (A,B) RA treatment resulted in S-phase cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells. (C,D) Morphological changes in the cell nucleus and nuclear fragmentation were observed upon RA treatment. (E,F) The pro-apoptotic effects of RA on HepG2 cells were determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. (G) Western Blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins like PARP, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl2 indicated that RA induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Densitometric analysis of (H) Bax/Bcl2 ratio, (I) cleaved caspase 3, and (J) cleaved PARP obtained in WB. Confocal images were taken at 400× magnification and the scale bar is 20 μm (n = 3; **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05 vs. control).