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. 2019 Jun 26;9:545. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00545

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Copyright © 2019 Roy, Guan, Liu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RA modulates AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Representative immunoblots showing the expression levels of AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathway related proteins in RA-treated HepG2 cells in an (A) concentration-dependent and (C) time-dependent manner. Densitometric analysis of AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathway related proteins in RA-treated HepG2 cells in an (B) concentration-dependent and (D) time-dependent manner (n = 3; ***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01 and *p ≤ 0.05 vs. control/0 hr., respectively).