Table 1.

Factors assumed to be common in all psychotherapies that may influence psychotherapy outcome. These can be classified in three groups and can—to different degrees—be effective in different psychotherapies, thus enabling different modes of psychotherapy to operate. Their sequential order (from left to right) is based on a concept by Lambert and Ogles (29) that is theory-driven and yet without empirical basis [concept according to Huibers and Cuijpers (28)].

Interaction factors	Process factors (Learning)	Process factors (Action)
Matching of patient/therapist:	Emotional dimension:	Behavior:
identification	accepting advice	practice
therapeutic alliance	affective experience	taking risks
therapist´s expertise	assimilation of problems	facing fears
active participation of both	correction of emotionality	mastery efforts
structured communication	allowing emotionality	experiencing success
Positive relationship with:	Cognitive dimension:	Behavioral regulation:
Trust	Feedback	modeling
Empathy	Rationality	reality testing
acceptance	allowing insight	working through
reassurance	cognitive learning	cognitive mastery
genuineness	identifying expectations	predicting problems
release of tension	changing expectations	designing future solution
mitigation of isolation