Fig. 2.

Rb1 increases activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. (A–B) Peritoneal macrophages were cultured with Rb1 for the indicated times. (C–E) Peritoneal macrophages were cultured with (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol (OXO; 0 or 1 μM) for 1 h before exposure to Rb1 (0 or 3 μM) for 30 min. The whole cell lysates were subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. (F) Peritoneal macrophages were cultured with OXO (0 or 1 μM) for 1 h prior to incubation with Rb1 (0 or 3 μM) for 2 h, and FITC-conjugated E. coli was added to the culture media for 20 min, followed by flow cytometry. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 4). *p < 0.05 compared to the control. ^†p < 0.05 compared to Rb1 only. FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; SD, standard deviation.