Table 3.
Effects of Panax ginseng on atopic dermatitis (AD).
| Component | Experimental model | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| KRGE | TNCB-challenged NC/Nga mouse | (↓) serum IgE level; (↓) epidermal hyperplasia; (↓) eosinophil, monocyte infiltration; (↓) cytokine levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ |
[51], [52] |
| Early AD model of TNCB-challenged NC/Nga mouse | (↓) ear thickness; (↓) transepidermal water loss; (↓) serum IgE level; (↓) lymphocyte infiltration; (↓) TSLP, TNF-α expression |
[53] | |
| DNCB-challenged Balb/C mouse | (↓) scratching behavior; (↑) skin condition; (↓) serum IgE levels; (↓) IL-4, IL-10 expression level; (↓) MAPK pathway & Ikaros translocation level |
[54] | |
| DNFB-challenged Balb/C mouse | (↓) serum IgE level; (↓) IL-6, IL-8, TARC, MDC level; (↓) MAPK & NF-κB signaling | [55] | |
| TNF-α+IFN-γ-induced inflammation HaCaT cell | (↓) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TARC, MDC level; (↓) MAPK & NF-κB signaling | [55] | |
| PMA+A23187-induced inflammation HMC-1 cell | (↓) MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α level; (↓) MAPK & NF-κB signaling |
[55] | |
| MCGE | DNCB-challenged NC/Nga mouse | (↑) skin lesion; (↓) serum IgE level; (↓) pro-inflammatory cytokine level; | [51], [52] |
| TNF-α+IFN-γ-induced inflammation HaCaT cell | (↓) TARC level | [56] | |
| CFE | DFE-induced AD in NC/Nga mouse | (↓) clinical & behavioral score; (↓) immune cell infiltration; (↓) MDC, pro-inflammatory cytokine & helper T cell-related cytokine level |
[58] |
| Gintonin | DNFB-challenged NC/Nga mouse | (↓) ear thickness reduction; (↓) dermatitis index; (↓) IgE, histamine, IL-4, IFN-γ; (↓) epidermal & dermal thickness; (↓) inflammation; (↓) mast cell infiltration |
[59] |
| Rg5:Rk1 | TNF-α+IFN-γ-induced inflammation HaCaT cell | (↓) TARC & MDC level; (↓) pro-inflammatory cytokine & enzyme level; (↓) STAT1, NF-κB, p38 MAPK phosphorylation level; (↓) NF-κB translocation level |
[60] |
| LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell | (↓) NO & ROS production; (↓) pro-inflammatory cytokine & enzyme level | [60] |
KRGE, Korean Red Ginseng; TNCB, trinitrochlorobenzene; IgE, immunoglobulin E; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; DNCB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; IL-4, interleukin-4; IL-10, interleukin-10; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; DNFB, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; TARC, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; MDC, macrophage-derived chemokine; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCGE, mountain-cultivated ginseng extract; CFE, CK-fortified extract; CK, compound K; DFE, Dermatophagoides farinae body extract; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygens species