Table 4.
Effects of Panax ginseng on rheumatoid arthritis.
| Component | Experimental model | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| KRGE | collagen-induced arthritis | (↑) clinical arthritis score; (↓) joint inflammation; (↓) STAT3 phosphorylation; (↓) Th17 cell number; (↓) RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis | [65] |
| RGSF-A | collagen-induced arthritis | (↓) proinflammatory cytokine production; (↓) serum antibody production; (↓) leukocyte activation; (↓) immune cell infiltration; (↓) clinical severity; (↑) IL-10 production | [66] |
| Rg3-, Rk1-, and Rg5-rich saponin extract | collagen-induced arthritis | (↓) progression and severity of arthritis; (↓) MMP-3, nitrotyrosine, SOD expression; (↓) proinflammatory cytokine production; (↓) spleen cell proliferation; (↓) oxidative tissue damage | [67] |
| CK | adjuvant-induced arthritis | (↓) clinical score and behavioral symptoms; (↓) spleen and joint inflammation; (↑) regulatory T-cell rate; (↓) T-cell proliferation | [68] |
| RA-FLS and RAW 264.7 using in vitro study | (↓) MMP secretion; (↓) osteoclastogenesis; (↓) RA-FLS apoptosis; (↓) MAPK signaling | [69] | |
| Rc | collagen-induced arthritis | (↓) clinical score; (↓) inflammation; (↓) collagen deposition; (↓) proinflammatory cytokine levels | [70] |
| Rg1 | adjuvant-induced arthritis | (↑) joint swelling; (↓) proinflammatory cytokine levels; (↑) PPAR-γ protein expression | [71] |
KRGE, Korean Red Ginseng extract; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Th17, helper T cell 17; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; RGSF-A, red ginseng saponin fraction A; IL-10, interleukin-10; MMP-3, matrix metalloproteinase 3; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CK, compound K; RA-FLS, rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma