Fig. 1.

Conceptual summary of clinical studies using ginsenosides. (A) The effects of G-Rb1 and CK on their plasma half-life and the plasma levels of glucose and insulin in healthy humans. (B) The effect of G-Rb2 on the sperm motility in the patients with reduced sperm motility. (C) The anticancer effect of G-Rg3 and chemotherapy on NSCLC, gastric cancer, and esophageal cancer patients. (D) The effect of G-Rc on the sperm motility in the patients with reduced sperm motility. CK, compound K; NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.