Table 2.

Summary of the clinical trials using ginseng

Ginseng	Participants	Study design	Clinical outcome	Ref.
Panax ginseng berry extract	72 healthy volunteers	Administration of ginseng berry extract in participants with a fasting glucose level between 100 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL	Ginseng berry extract improved glucose metabolism	[74]
Panax ginseng mixture	20 healthy female volunteers (aged 30–65 yr) with crow's feet wrinkles	Administration of a mixture of Panax ginseng and Crataegus pinnatifida	Panax ginseng mixture decreased wrinkle formation and increased moisture in the human skin	[75]
FRG	93 postmenopausal female volunteers (aged 50–73 yr)	Administration of FRG	FRG ameliorated cognitive depression that occurred via the energy factor	[76]
Panax ginseng	97 Alzheimer's disease patients	Administration of Panax ginseng	Panax ginseng enhanced cognitive performance of Alzheimer's disease patients	[77]
Korean Red Ginseng	90 patients with erectile dysfunction	Administration of Korean Red Ginseng	Clinical efficacy on Korean Red Ginseng on erectile dysfunction	[78]

FRG, fermented red ginseng.