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Effects of surgical and chemical castration on short-term memory and spatial memory. (A) Latency in the step-down avoidance test. (B) The time required to accomplish eight successful performances. (C) The number of errors made before eight successful performances. SH, sham-operation group; ORX, orchiectomy group; GOS, goserelin group. *P<0.05 compared to the sham-operation group.
