Figure 1.

Schematic overview of effectors of filamentous phytopathogens targeting phytohormone pathways. (A) SA (salicylic acid) pathway; (B) JA (jasmonic acid) pathway; (C) ET (ethylene) pathway; (D) auxin pathway; and (E) BR (brassinosteroid) pathway. Infection structures of filamentous pathogens penetrating a plant cell are lined with salmon color. This structure or specialized feeding structures (not indicated) are the sites for secretion of pathogen effectors. The plant plasma membrane is shown in green, the plant cytosol is shown in light green, the chloroplast is outlined with dark green, and the plant nucleus is shown in gray. In (A), the apoplastic space between pathogen and plant plasma membrane is enlarged. Pathogen effectors residing either in the apoplast or in the plant cytosol are indicated by pink ovals. Plant components targeted by effectors are depicted as rounded green rectangles. Solid lines represent characterized reactions or direct interactions and dashed lines represent indirect interactions. Arrows indicate activation and bar headed lines indicate inhibition. Question marks indicate that the underlying mechanism is not yet clear.