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. 2019 Jun 26;7:153. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00153

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Copyright © 2019 Nichols, Pimentel, Borges, Hyoju, Teymour, Hong, Zaborina, Alverdy and Papavasiliou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of nanoparticle formulations on biofilm attenuation of the tested pathogens. Raw biofilm levels shown for (A) P. aeruginosa, (B) S. marcescens, and (C) E. faecalis. CFU values shown for (D) P. aeruginosa, (E) S. marcescens, and (F) E. faecalis. Normalized biofilm values shown for (G) P. aeruginosa, (H) S. marcescens, and (I) E. faecalis. Error bars indicate plus and minus the standard deviation. Asterisk {_*} denotes significance vs. control with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.