Table I.
Summary of cases of neuroendocrine neoplasms in the extrahepatic biliary tract.
| First author, year | Country | Age (years), sex | Symptoms | Location | Size (cm) | Treatment | Classification | IHC markers | Metastasis | Survival | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sasatomi et al, 2013 | America | 76, F | Jaundice | CHD | 5.0 | BTR + LNR + hepatectomy + hepaticojejunostomy | NEC | Syn, Chg: (+); Ki-67 80–90% | LN, PO8d | Deceased, PO21d | (9) |
| Zhang et al, 2018 | China | 62, M | Jaundice | CHD | 2.0 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 >80% | LN, PP, liver, PO2m | Deceased, PO6m | (10) |
| Izumo et al, 2017 | Japan | 66, M | Anorexia, fatigue | CBD | 1.0 | PD | MANEC | Syn, Chg (+); Ki-67 30% | LN, PP | Survived, PO 30m | (13) |
| Komo et al, 2017 | Japan | 82, M | Asymptomatic | CBD | 1.8 | PD | MANEC | Syn, Chg (+); Ki-67 37% | None | Survived, PO7m | (14) |
| Lee et al, 2014 | Korea | 75, M | Jaundice | CBD | 2.0 | BTR + LNR + hepatectomy + hepaticojejunostomy | MANEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+) | None | Survived, PO11m | (15) |
| Linder et al, 2013 | Israel | 82, M | Jaundice, pain, WL | CBD | 1.9 | PD | MANEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+) | LN, PO | Survived, PO6m | (16) |
| Masui et al, 2011 | Japan | 82, M | Jaundice, anorexia, WL | CBD | 2.5 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | MANEC | Syn, Chg, CD56: (+) Ki-67 30–40% | Liver, PO3m | Deceased, PO6m | (17) |
| Onishi et al, 2013 | Japan | 74, F | Jaundice, fever | CBD | 2.0 | PD | MANEC | Syn (+), chg, CD56 (−) | None | NA | (18) |
| Priyanka et al, 2016 | India | 76, M | Jaundice, WL | CHD | 4.0 | BTR + LNR+ hepaticojejunostomy | MANEC | Syn, CD56 (+) Chg (−) Ki-67 90% | None | NA | (19) |
| Wysocki et al, 2014 | America | 65, M | Jaundice, WL, nausea | CHD-CBD | 5.0 | BTR + LNR hepaticojejunostomy | MANEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 80% | NA | Deceased, PO5m | (20) |
| Liu et al, 2018 | China | 57, F | Fever | CBD | 6.0 | BTR + LNR+ hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, CD56 (+); Chg(−); Ki-67 12% | None | Survived, PO8m | (28) |
| Squillaci et al, 2010 | Italy | 52, M | Jaundice | CHD-CBD | 2.0 | BTR + LNR+ hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg: (+); Ki-67 <2% | None | Survived, PO41m | (29) |
| Squillaci et al, 2010 | Italy | 70, M | Pain | CHD | 4.5 | BTR + LNR + hepatectomy + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg: (+) | LN, PP | Survived, PO59m | (29) |
| Zhan et al, 2010 | China | 10, M | Jaundice, pain | CBD | 2.0 | PD | NET | Chrom (+) | None | Survived, PO12m | (30) |
| Cappell et al, 2011 | America | 42, M | Jaundice, pain, WL | CBD | 1.8 | PD | NET | Syn, Chg: (+) | None | Survived, PO9y | (31) |
| Lee et al, 2011 | Korea | 59, M | Jaundice | CBD | 2.5 | BTR + hepaticojejunostomy + radiotherapy | NET | NA | None | Deceased, PO5m | (32) |
| Bhalla et al, 2012 | India | 28, F | Pain, WL | CHD | 2.0 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg: (+); Ki-67 3% | LN, PP | Survived, PO4m | (33) |
| De Luca et al, 2013 | Italy | 78, M | Jaundice | CBD | 3.0 | PD | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67<20% | None | NA | (34) |
| Jethava et al, 2013 | America | 42, M | Pain, dyspepsia | CBD | 1.7 | PD | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+) | None | Survived, PO6m | (35) |
| Yasuda et al, 2013 | Japan | 60, F | Asymptomatic | CHD | 2.5 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+) | None | Survived, PO2y | (36) |
| Ayllon-Teran et al, 2014 | Spain | 19, F | Jaundice, WL, anorexia | CBD | 2.0 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Ki-67 10% | None | NA | (37) |
| Khuroo et al, 2014 | India | 56, F | Jaundice, pain, WL | CHD | 1.7 | BTR + LNR + chemoradiotherapy + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Chg (−) | None | Survived, PO18m | (38) |
| Park et al, 2014 | Korea | 75, F | Jaundice, nausea | CBD | 2.7 | BTR + LNR+ hepaticojejunostomy | NEC | Syn, Chg (+) | LN, PP, liver, PO7m | Decceased, PO12m | (39) |
| Yalav et al, 2014 | Turkey | 16, M | Jaundice | CBD | NA | BTR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg (+) | None | Survived, PO40m | (40) |
| Kihara et al, 2015 | Japan | 70, F | Jaundice | CHD | 3.0 | BTR + LNR + chemotherapy + hepatectomy + choledochojejunostomy | NEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 70% | LN, PP | Survived, PO10m | (41) |
| Banerjee et al, 2016 | India | 45, F | Jaundice, WL | CBD | 3.2 | PD | NET | Syn (+), Chg (−); Ki-67 <1% | LN, PP | NA | (42) |
| Hosoda et al, 2016 | Japan | 35, M | Asymptomatic | CBD | 1.1 | BTR + LNR+ hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg (+); Ki-67 2.5% | None | Survived, PO1m | (43) |
| Murakami et al, 2016 | Japan | 80, M | Jaundice, anorexia | CBD | 2.4 | BTR + LNR + chemotherapy hepaticojejunostomy | NEC | Syn, CD56 (+); Chg(−); Ki-67 72% | Lung, liver, PO2.5m | Deceased, PO3m | (44) |
| Oshiro et al, 2016 | Japan | 75, M | Jaundice | CBD | 3.0 | BTR + LNR + chemotherapy hepaticojejunostomy | NEC | Syn, CD56 (+) Ki-67 56.2% | LN, PP, liver, PO3m | Survived, PO7m | (45) |
| Raspanti et al, 2016 | Italy | 51, F | Jaundice | CBD | 1.5 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 <2% | None | Survived, PO1m | (46) |
| Abe et al, 2017 | Japan | 57, F | Asymptomatic | CBD | 3.0 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 2% | None | Survived, PO34m | (47) |
| Costin et al, 2017 | Italy | 37, F | Jaundice | CBD | 2.5 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg (+); Ki-67 2% | None | Survived, PO2y | (48) |
| Hoepfner et al, 2017 | America | 45, M | Jaundice, pain | CHD-CBD | 4.0 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Ki-67 4% | LN, PP | Survived, PO6m | (49) |
| Khan et al, 2017 | America | 64, M | Jaundice, WL | CHD-CBD | 1.3 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 <5% | None | NA | (50) |
| Sanchez et al, 2017 | France | 38, M | Jaundice | CBD | 2.0 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, CD56 (+); Ki-67 15% | None | Survived, PO6d | (51) |
| Sano et al, 2017 | Japan | 30, F | Abdominal discomfort | CHD | 2.4 | BTR + LNR + hepaticojejunostomy | NET | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); | None | Survived, PO18d | (52) |
| Koo et al, 2018 | Korea | 77, F | Jaundice, pain | CHD | 1.0 | Radiotherapy | NEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 60% Ki-67 6.6% | LN, liver, AD1m | NA | (53) |
| Present study | China | 64, F | Jaundice, pain | CBD | 4.5 | PD | MANEC | Syn, Chg, CD56 (+); Ki-67 >50% | Liver, PO5m | Deceased, PO1y | – |
AD, after diagnosis; BTR, bile duct resection; CBD, common bile duct; CD56, cluster of differentiation 56; CHD, common hepatic duct; Chg, chromogranin; d, day(s); F, female; LN, lymph nodes; LNR, lymph node resection; M, male; m, month(s); MANEC, mixed adenoendocrine carcinoma; NEC, neuroendocrine carcinoma; NET, neuroendocrine tumor; NA, not available; PD, pancreatoduodenectomy; PO, post-operatively; PP, Post-operative pathology; Syn, synaptophysin; WL, weight loss; y, year(s).