Figure 8.

CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell activation. IL-2 and TNFα secretion in (A, C) CD4⁺ and (B, D) CD8⁺ T cells was quantified by multicolor flow cytometry of T-cells derived from splenocytes from nontreated naïve (red bars) and NP-vaccinated mice: CS/DS + PCS5 (black bars), CS–PCS5/DS/pIC (white bars) or CS/HA–PCS5/pIC (gray bars). Values represent mean ± SEM (n ≥ 3). Statistical comparison between groups was done using a Mann–Whitney test. Significant statistical differences are represented as * (p < 0.05) for comparison between groups and naïve mice. Key: NPs, nanoparticles; CS, chitosan; DS, dextran sulfate; PCS5, protease cleavage site 5; pIC, poly(I:C) (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid); HA, hyaluronic acid.