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Estrogen promotes microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. (A) BV2 cells express all three principal estrogen receptors, ERα, ERβ, and GPER, as determined by flow cytometry. Data are representative histograms of n = 3 independent experiments. Exposure of BV2 cells to 17β-estradiol enhances their ability to phagocytose apoptotic (gray) but not non-apoptotic (white) PC12 cells in a (B) dose and (C) time-dependent manner; data are mean ± sem, n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs. untreated controls.
