Table 1.
Neuroprotective effects of medical gases and the related mechanisms
| Medical gas | Condition | Mechanism of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperbaric oxygen | Traumatic brain injury | IL-10, caspases-3, Bcl-2 | Chen et al.22 |
| TNF-a, TGIF, TGF-β1 | Wee et al.23 | ||
| NAA/Cr ratio, Cho/Cr ratio | Zhang et al.24 | ||
| Middle cerebral artery occlusion | Cleaved caspase-3 | Lu et al.25 | |
| Cerebral malaria | Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, AhR | Bastos et al.26 | |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | Glucocorticoid receptor | Lin et al.11 | |
| Hydrogen | Ischemia/reperfusion | Reactive oxygen species | Ohsawa et al.12 |
| Hypoxia/ischemia | caspase-3, caspase-12 | Cai et al.27 | |
| Alzheimer’s disease | JNK, NF-κB | Wang et al.28 | |
| Traumatic brain injury | Reactive oxygen species | Ji et al.29 | |
| IL-1β, IL-10, HMGB1 | Tian et al.30 | ||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | NF-κB, NLRP3 | Shao et al.31 | |
| Cognitive impairment | Estrogen, ERb, BDNF | Hou et al.32 | |
| Ischemia/reperfusion | 8-OHdG, reactive oxygen species | Nagatani et al.33 | |
| Tregs, miR-21, miR-210 | Li et al.34 | ||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | Reactive oxygen species | Manaenko et al.35 | |
| Spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone | Reactive oxygen species, MMP-9 | Takeuchi et al.36 | |
| Brain injury | PI3K/Akt/GSK3β | Chen et al.37 | |
| Parkinson’s disease | ghrelin | Yoshii et al.38 | |
| Major depressive disorder | IL-1β, reactive oxygen species | Zhang et al.39 | |
| Carbon dioxide | Hypoxia/ischemia | AQP4 | Yang et al.15 |
| Ischemia/reperfusion | cyt-c, cleaved caspase-3 | Tao et al.17 | |
| Bcl-2, Bax | Tao et al.17 | ||
| AQP-4, caspase-3 | Zhou et al.40 | ||
| Hydrogen sulphide | Middle cerebral artery occlusion | AQP4, PKC | Wei et al.18 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | AQP4, MMP-9 | Cao et al.41 | |
| IL-1β, CBS, 3MST | Cui et al.42 | ||
| Akt/ERK, BDNF-CREB | Li et al.43 | ||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | P2X7R/NLRP3 | Zhao et al.44 | |
| Cognitive impairment | Cleaved caspase-3 | Hu et al.45 | |
| GluN2B, NMDAR | Zhan et al.46 | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | Beclin-1-Vps34 | Zhang et al.47 | |
| Parkinson’s disease | ROCK2, miR-135a-5p | Liu et al.48 | |
| Nitric oxide | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | Pial arteriole | Terpolilli et al.19 |
| Traumatic brain injury | Resistance vessel, CBF | Terpolilli et al.49 | |
| Cerebral ischemia | Pial venule, arteriole | Terpolilli et al.50 | |
| Ischemia/reperfusion | CBF | Li et al.51 | |
| Isoflurane | Ischemia/reperfusion | JNK | Wang et al.20 |
| BMP4/Smad1/5/8 | Yuan et al.52 | ||
| Cerebral ischemia | Notch | Yin et al.53 | |
| Sevoflurane | Hypoxia/reoxygenation | VEGF | Restin et al.54 |
| Ischemia/reperfusion | Lysosomal cathepsin B | Zhu et al.55 | |
| Cerebral ischemia | TLR-4/NF-κB | Hwang et al.56 | |
| Microglia, macrophage | Dang et al.57 | ||
| Hypoxia/ischemia | PI3K/Akt-mPTP | Lai et al.58 | |
| Hemorrhage shock and resuscitation | GRP78, CHOP | Hu et al.59 | |
| Helium | Hypoxia/ischemia | Ang-1, Tie-2, Flt-1 | Li et al.60 |
| Argon | Hypoxia/ischemia | PI3K/Akt/HO-1 | Zhao et al.61 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | HO-1 | Höllig et al.62 | |
| Xenon | Parkinson’s disease | Astrocytes | Lavaur et al.63 |
| Ischemic/anoxic | Cholinergic traits | Lavaur et al.64 | |
| Traumatic brain injury | NMDAR, TREK-1 | Harris et al.65 | |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | Microglial | Veldeman et al.66 |
Note: IL-10: Interleukin-10; TNF-a: tumor necrosis factor-a; TGIF: transforming growth interacting factor; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-beta1; NAA: nonessential amino acid; Cr: creatinine; Cho: cholesterol; AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1 protein; NLRP3: receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3; ERb: estrogen receptor b; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine; miR: microRNA; Tregs: regulatory T cells; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; AQP4: aquaporin 4; cyt-c: cytochrome c; PKC: protein kinase C; CBS: cystathionine beta-synthase; 3MST: 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase; ERK: extracellular regulated protein kinases; CREB: cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein; P2X7R: P2X7 receptor; GluN2B: phospho-NMDA receptor 2B; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; Vps34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ROCK2: Rho-associated protein kinase 2; CBF: cerebral blood flow; BMP4: bone morphogenetic protein 4; Smad: mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TLR-4: Toll-like receptor 4; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; GRP78: glucose-regulated protein-78; CHOP: C/EBP-homologous protein; Ang-1: angiopoietin-1; Tie-2: tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermalgrowth factor homology domains-2; Flt-1: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; TREK-1: TWIK-related K+ channel 1.