Table 1.

Previous studies into fitness costs associated with evolved herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides.

MOA	Mechanism	Finding	References
ACCase	TSR	Gly-2078 mutation caused a reduction in plant biomass, height, and seed production	Menchari et al., 2007
		Gly2078 mutation caused accelerated germination, Leu1781 mutation caused a delay in germination	Délye et al., 2013
		Costs of the Gly2078 mutation vary depending on the ‘S’ genetic background	Darmency et al., 2015
ACCase	NTSR	NTSR had no effect on vegetative biomass or tiller production	Keshtkar et al., 2017b
		NTSR caused reduced emergence of buried seeds	Keshtkar et al., 2017a

The herbicide mode-of-action (MOA) for which resistance has been identified is listed, along with the resistance mechanism studied (TSR, target-site resistance; NTSR, non-target-site resistance).