Table 1.

Association of NETs with autoimmune diseases

Study	Disease	NETs measurement	Results	Proposed role of NETs
[4]	Psoriasis	In vitro	Endogenous antimicrobial peptide (LL‐37) converts self‐DNA into a potent trigger of pDCs to release IFN‐α in psoriatic skin.	NET protein content LL‐37 drives production of IFN‐α that contributes to autoimmunity.
[5]	ANCA‐associated vasculitis	In vivo	NET formation in 15 renal biopsies	The granule protein contents of NET may be the antigen source for pathogenic autoantibodies, ANCAs.
[14]	ANCA‐associated vasculitis	In vivo	Association of increased NET formation with increased disease activity, as measured by the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score
[17]	ANCA‐associated vasculitis	In vivo	NETs were found in glomerular crescents and in thrombi of patients with ANCA‐associated vasculitis.	Increased NET formation may contribute to thrombus formation in ANCA‐associated vasculitis.
[8]	APS	In vitro	Decreased degradation of NETs in sera of patients with APS was associated with increased levels of antibodies against NETs.
[9]	APS	In vitro	Increased circulating levels of NETs were associated with the presence of APS autoantibodies; an APS autoantibody, β2GP1, interacted with neutrophils to stimulate NETosis.	NETs may promote thrombin formation in APS.
[7]	RA	In vivo	Increased NET formation was seen in synovial tissue, rheumatoid nodules, and skin; increased percentage of netting neutrophils was associated with increased serum CRP, ESR, ACPA, and IL‐17	NETs may be the source of citrullinated autoantigens that are pathogenic in RA.
[18]	RA	In vitro	Increased NET formation compared with controls