Figure 2.

Autophagy: induction by PRRs and inhibition of inflammasomes. PRRs, such as TLRs or NOD2, can induce autophagy via unknown molecular mechanisms. In response to diverse stimuli, NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes are assembled and lead to production of proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18. Autophagy is known to inhibit inflammasome activity. Inflammasome components NLRP3, AIM2, and ASC have been shown to be ubiquitinated (Ub) and degraded via autophagosomes, which explains inflammasome inhibition by autophagy.