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. 2014 Jun 18;34(25):8546–8556. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5002-13.2014

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain after repeated systemic challenge with LPS. A, ELISA measurement of TNFα and IL1β proteins in the plasma of mice on experimental day 5 of single or repeated treatment with PBS control or LPS. Plasma levels of the cytokines showed similar response to LPS after single or repeated treatment. n.d., Not detected. B, ELISA measurement of TNFα and IL1β proteins in brains of mice on experimental day 5 of single or repeated treatment with PBS control or LPS. LPS challenge induced more pronounced elevation in the levels of the TNFα and IL1β after repeated treatment. n.d., Not detected. *p < 0.05. ***p < 0.001. C, sqRT-PCR for TNFa (gene transcript for TNFα protein), IL1b (gene transcripts for IL1β), and Nos2 (gene transcript for inducible nitric oxide synthase) in the whole brain of mice on experimental day 5 after single or repeated treatment with PBS control or LPS. The repeated LPS treatment induced increased transcription levels of TNFa, IL1b, and Nos2. n.s., Not significant. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. D, sqRT-PCR for TNFa, IL1b, and Nos2 in the whole brain of mice on experimental day 19 after single or repeated intraperitoneal treatment with PBS control or LPS. The analyzed transcript levels were unchanged after single or repeated LPS challenge compared with the control. n.s., Not significant.