. 2019 May 20;3(7):1409–1416. doi: 10.1210/js.2019-00052

Table 1.

Clinical Characteristics of the Study Subjects

	Total	Control	VFA Only	FL Only	VFA Plus FL	P ^a
Number of subjects	87	54	18	7	8
IHL, %	3.2 ± 4.3	1.3 ± 1.5	2.0 ± 1.6	12.5 ± 3.0^b^,^c	10.4 ± 4.6^b^,^c	<0.001
Abdominal visceral fat area, cm²	87.3 ± 31.2	69.7 ± 16.9	123.2 ± 20.5^b	76.9 ± 16.6^c	134.3 ± 13.7^b^,^d	<0.001
Age, y	42.1 ± 5.1	41.4 ± 5.1	43.2 ± 4.4	40.6 ± 5.4	46.3 ± 4.5	0.046
BMI, kg/m²	23.5 ± 1.0	23.3 ± 1.1	23.8 ± 0.7	23.6 ± 0.7	24.1 ± 0.6^b	0.033
Waist circumference, cm	83.6 ± 5.2	81.6 ± 4.6	87.0 ± 3.5^b	84.8 ± 6.2	88.2 ± 4.7^b	<0.001
Total body fat content, %	21.5 ± 4.1	20.7 ± 4.4	22.1 ± 2.7	20.9 ± 3.4	26.1 ± 2.2^b^,^c^,^d	<0.001
Abdominal subcutaneous fat area, cm²	120.9 ± 37.3	113.2 ± 38.8	130.5 ± 32.5	123.7 ± 32.8	148.6 ± 25.7	0.044
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL	96.1 ± 7.5	95.0 ± 7.7	96.1 ± 5.7	101.9 ± 7.1	98.9 ± 8.1	0.090
Fasting serum insulin, μU/mL	5.8 ± 2.5	5.0 ± 1.7	6.2 ± 2.4	8.9 ± 2.9^b	8.2 ± 3.2	<0.001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	141.0 ± 76.9	120.6 ± 67.0	170.9 ± 93.4	193.1 ± 82.4	166.0 ± 53.2	0.005
Free fatty acid, μEq/L	372.6 ± 107.9	342.8 ± 108.1	412.2 ± 87.6	435.7 ± 78.6	437.6 ± 103.9	0.007
Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L	22.2 ± 6.8	20.6 ± 5.9	23.3 ± 6.4	29.1 ± 10.0^b	24.6 ± 6.4	0.007
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L	25.7 ± 15.3	22.3 ± 9.7	23.1 ± 6.9	45.1 ± 36.4	37.3 ± 16.1	0.005
γ-glutamyl transferase, IU/L	45.1 ± 40.9	40.1 ± 43.7	51.5 ± 42.1	57.0 ± 22.0	54.6 ± 27.8	0.021
High molecular weight adiponectin, μg/mL	1.5 ± 1.1	1.8 ± 1.2	1.0 ± 0.7^b	0.6 ± 0.3^b	1.0 ± 0.8	0.001
VO_2peak, mL/kg/min	32.3 ± 6.6	33.8 ± 6.4	31.6 ± 6.0	29.6 ± 3.5	25.7 ± 7.4^b	0.006

Data are expressed as mean ± SD.

Abbreviation: VO_2peak, peak oxygen consumption.

^{^a}

P value for one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis analysis.

^{^b}

P < 0.05 for Tukey-Kramer or Games-Howel; vs control.

^{^c}

P < 0.05 for Tukey-Kramer or Games-Howel; vs VFA Only.

^{^d}

P < 0.05 for Tukey-Kramer or Games-Howel; vs FL Only.