Table 1.

Comparison of Major Methods Used to Measure EE in Humans

Methods	EE Components						Advantages	Limitations
	REE	TEF	EAT	NEAT	AT	TEE
Whole-room calorimeter	Yes	Yes	Yesa,b	Yesc	Yes	Yes	Accurate (∼5% error), specific parts of TEE can only be measured with this method	Expensive, requires specialized team; not representing free-living conditions
Hood/canopy (open-circuit)	Yes	Yesb	Yes	No	Yesb	No	Portable, easy to use, available, cheaper	Good accuracy for REE, dependent subject mobility, confined subject
Doubly labeled water	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Accurate (<5% error), able to apply long-term free-living conditions	Very expensive, requires expertise, can measure only TEE
Wearable devices (accelerometers, heart monitors)	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Inexpensive, able to apply long-term free-living conditions	Inaccurate
Personal logs	No	No	Yesb	No	No	No	Inexpensive, able to apply long- term free-living conditions	Highly inaccurate, subject to recorder bias

Abbreviations: AT, adaptive thermogenesis; TEF, thermic effect of food.

^aChen et al. [31].

^bTechnically challenging.

^cRequires the use of wearable devices.