Table 3.
Adjusted Associations of the Importance of Plan Attributes in Decision-Making (N = 311)
| Variable | Odds Ratio [95% CI] |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Health literacy | |
| Adequate | — |
| Marginal | 0.63 [0.25,1.56] |
| Inadequate | 0.34** [0.14, 0.81] |
| Age | |
| 60–69 years | 1.39 [0.72, 2.68] |
| 70–79-years | 0.83 [0.41, 1.67] |
| 80+ years | — |
| Sex | |
| Male | 0.48** [0.26, 0.86] |
| Race | |
| White | — |
| Black | 0.53* [0.27, 1.06] |
| Other | 0.59 [0.30, 1.15] |
| Education | |
| Less than high school | 0.74 [0.36, 1.52] |
| High school | 1.52 [0.59, 3.91] |
| >High school | — |
| Monthly income | |
| Low income (≤$2,000) | 0.46** [0.24, 0.87] |
| High Income (>$2,000) | — |
| Insurance | |
| Medicare FFS | 3.82*** [1.62, 9.00] |
| Medicare Advantage | — |
| Supplemental prescription | 3.35*** [1.70–6.60] |
| Supplemental (MediGap) | 4.51*** [1.73,11.74] |
| Other | 2.87** [1.15, 7.17] |
| Health status | |
| Excellent/very good | — |
| Good | 0.72 [0.37, 1.39] |
| Fair/poor | 0.67 [0.31, 1.48] |
| Chronic conditions | |
| 0–1 | — |
| 2–3 | 0.6 [0.31,1.19] |
| 4+ | 0.89 [0.38, 2.10] |
| Functional health status | |
| Any IADL impairment | 0.55* [0.28, 1.11] |
| Any ADL impairment | 0.93 [0.48,1.78] |
| Annual primary care visits | |
| 0–1 | — |
| 2–3 | 1.24 [0.51, 3.00] |
| 4–5 | 1.49 [0.58, 3.81] |
| 6+ | 1.65 [0.59, 4.62] |
| Annual specialty care visits | |
| 0–3 | 0.89 [0.45,1.79] |
| 4–8 | — |
| 9+ | 1.12 [0.60, 2.11] |
| Number of medications taken daily | |
| 0–2 | — |
| 3–6 | 0.88 [0.44, 1.72] |
| 7+ | 1.31 [0.52, 3.28] |
| Monthly medication costs | |
| $0–$9 | — |
| $10–$49 | 1.21 [0.61, 2.38] |
| $50+ | 0.95 [0.43, 2.12] |
| Annual emergency department visits | |
| 0–1 | — |
| 2–5 | 0.91 [0.49, 1.67] |
| +6 | 0.54 [0.13, 2.32] |
| Annual admissions to hospital | |
| 0–1 | — |
| 2–5 | 0.93 [0.49, 1.76] |
| 6+ | 0.12* [0.01, 1.07] |
| Difficulty paying health care costs | |
| Not at all | — |
| Somewhat | 0.62 [0.34, 1.14] |
| Difficult | 0.85 [0.23, 3.15] |
| Very difficult | 0.48 [0.20,1.17] |
| Constants | |
| Low copay for brand prescription | 0.01*** [0.00, 0.05] |
| Monthly premium | 0.02*** [0.00, 0.11] |
| No hospital deductible | 0.04*** [0.01, 0.18] |
| Access to physicians out-of-network | 0.34 [0.07,1.55] |
Note. Adjusted associations between health literacy and Medicare Advantage plan choice were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. Plan C is the comparison choice. ADL = activities of daily living; CI = confidence interval; FFS = fee for service; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.
*
p < 0.1.
**
p < .05.
***
p < .01.