Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Sample by Race/Ethnicity
| Characteristic | Total Sample (N = 342) | White/NH (n = 48) | AA/NH (n = 196) | Hispanic (n = 98) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean SD)a | 30.9 (6.1) | 31.9 (6.9) | 30.5 (6.1) | 31.3 (5.6) | .28b |
| Female, n (%) | 266 (77.8%) | 35 (72.9%) | 159 (81.1%) | 72 (73.5%) | .23c |
| Education, n (%) | .46c | ||||
| Some high school | 56 (16.4%) | 5 (10.4%) | 33 (16.8%) | 18 (18.4%) | |
| High school graduate/GED | 112 (32.8%) | 18 (37.5%) | 68 (34.7%) | 26 (26.5%) | |
| Some college | 174 (50.9%) | 25 (52.1%) | 95 (48.5%) | 54 (55.1%) | |
| Insurance status, nd (%) | <.0001c* | ||||
| Private | 155 (45.4% | 36 (76.6%) | 67 (34.2%) | 52 (53.1%) | |
| Medicaid | 141 (41.4%) | 9 (19.2%) | 100 (51.0%) | 32 (32.7%) | |
| Self-pay | 45 (13.2%) | 2 (4.3%) | 29 (14.8%) | 14 (14.3%) | |
| Income, n (%) | <.0001c* | ||||
| <$15,000 | 96 (28.1%) | 7 (14.6%) | 71 (36.2%) | 18 (18.4%) | |
| $15,000–$29,999 | 86 (25.2%) | 5 (10.4%) | 54 (27.5%) | 27 (27.5%) | |
| $30,000–$50,000 | 64 (18.7%) | 8 (16.7%) | 36 (18.4%) | 20 (20.4%) | |
| >$50,000 | 96 (28.1%) | 28 (58.3%) | 35 (17.9%) | 33 (33.7%) | |
| Employment, nd (%) | .02c* | ||||
| Full-time | 143 (42.4%) | 21 (43.8%) | 74 (38.3%) | 48 (50%) | |
| Part-time | 63 (18.7%) | 10 (20.8%) | 30 (15.5%) | 23 (24%) | |
| None | 131 (38.9%) | 17 (35.4%) | 89 (46.1%) | 25 (26%) | |
| Current smoking status, nd (%) | .87c | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 237 (69.7%) | 35 (72.9%) | 135 (69.2%) | 68 (69.1%) | |
| Smoker | 103 (30.3%) | 13 (27.1%) | 61(30.8%) | 30 (30.9%) | |
| Asthma duration, years (mean SD) | 18.0 (10.4) | 16.5 (12.1) | 18.2 (10.3) | 18.4 (9.7) | .53b |
| Year of enrollment, n (%) | <.0001c* | ||||
| 2004 | 162 (47.4%) | 12 (25%) | 128 (65.3%) | 22 (22.5%) | |
| 2005 | 180 (52.6%) | 36 (75%) | 68 (34.7%) | 76 (77.5%) | |
| Season of enrollment, n (%) | <.0001c* | ||||
| Winter | 75 (21.9%) | 21 (43.8%) | 20 (10.2%) | 34 (34.7%) | |
| Spring | 140 (40.9%) | 20 (41.7%) | 80 (40.8%) | 40 (40.8%) | |
| Summer | 84 (24.6%) | 6 (12.5%) | 66 (33.7%) | 12 (12.2%) | |
| Fall | 43 (12.6%) | 1 (2.1%) | 30 (15.3%) | 12 (12.2%) | |
| Visits completed (mean SD)e | 5.4 (1.3) | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.2) | 5.4 (1.3) | 0.56c |
| Low health literacy, n (%) | 110 (32.2%) | 6 (12.5%) | 74 (37.8%) | 30 (30.6%) | <.01c* |
Note. AA = African American; GED = general education development; NH = non-Hispanic.
a
Study sample age ranged from 18 to 41 years based on sample selection.
b
Analysis of variance test.
c
Chi-square test.
d
Missing data accounted for n = 1, n = 5, and n = 2 in the total sample for insurance, employment, and smoking status, respectively.
e
Maximum number of follow-up visits was six.
*
p < .05.