Table 4. Assessing diet quality: Foods that are generally seen as part of an unhealthy diet.
Intakes (g/day) are from beginning to end of first-year university in male (n = 50) and female (n = 210) students.
| Foods | Beginning | End | Sex p and η2* |
Time p and η2* |
Interaction p and η2* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donuts/Cakes | 0.43; 0.002 | <0.001; 0.059 | 0.035; 0.017 | ||
| Male | 9.4 ± 8 | 10.4 ± 14 | |||
| Female | 10.2 ± 10 | 8.5 ± 11 | |||
| Other Pastries a | 0.057; 0.014 | <0.001; 0.049 | 0.25; 0.005 | ||
| Male | 23.3 ± 28 | 16.4 ± 20 | |||
| Female | 17.4 ± 15 | 13.9 ± 13 | |||
| Pizza | <0.001; 0.083 | 0.053; 0.014 | 0.84; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 29.5 ± 26 | 26.1 ± 23 | |||
| Female | 17.2 ± 17 | 14.5 ± 17 | |||
| Macaroni and Cheese | 0.54; 0.001 | 0.38; 0.003 | 0.78; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 15.4 ± 19 | 11.9 ± 18 | |||
| Female | 12.2 ± 17 | 11.8 ± 27 | |||
| Fried Chicken | 0.088; 0.011 | 0.004; 0.032 | 0.043; 0.016 | ||
| Male | 11.9 ± 14 | 20.8 ± 28 | |||
| Female | 11.6 ± 15 | 13.2 ± 20.3 | |||
| Fried Fish | 0.44; 0.002 | 0.006; 0.029 | 0.57; 0.001 | ||
| Male | 3.7 ± 6.2 | 2.0 ± 3 | |||
| Female | 3.0 ± 6 | 1.8 ± 3 | |||
| Meat Dishes b | <0.001; 0.15 | <0.001; 0.068 | 0.85; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 91.0 ± 56 | 73.4 ± 60 | |||
| Female | 55.1 ± 40 | 38.9 ± 31 | |||
| French Fries | 0.19; 0.007 | 0.091; 0.011 | 0.081; 0.012 | ||
| Male | 16.8 ± 19 | 16.7 ± 17 | |||
| Female | 11.3 ± 14 | 16.1 ± 20 | |||
| Ice Cream | 0.23; 0.006 | <0.001; 0.11 | 0.90; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 9.5 ± 12 | 3.3 ± 3 | |||
| Female | 11.0 ± 15 | 5.0 ± 6 | |||
| Candy | 0.84; <0.001 | 0.58; 0.001 | 0.92; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 7.5 ± 10 | 5.9 ± 7 | |||
| Female | 6.9 ± 9 | 5.5 ± 6 | |||
| Sauces c | <0.001; 0.066 | 0.65; 0.001 | 0.27; 0.005 | ||
| Male | 16.7 ± 12 | 18.3 ± 19 | |||
| Female | 11.2 ± 11 | 10.5 ± 11 | |||
| Salt (added) | 0.46; 0.002 | 0.25; 0.005 | 0.95; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 0.23 ± 0.4 | 0.17 ± 0.3 | |||
| Female | 0.27 ± 0.5 | 0.25 ± 0.5 | |||
| Fruit Juice | 0.64; 0.001 | 0.91; <0.001 | 0.23; 0.006 | ||
| Male | 140.0 ± 138 | 159.6 ± 157 | |||
| Female | 168.5 ± 198 | 152.2 ± 156 | |||
| Energy Drinks | 0.065; 0.013 | 0.27; 0.005 | 0.003; 0.035 | ||
| Male | 5.9 ± 17 | 2.7 ± 6 | |||
| Female | 1.3 ± 4.3 | 2.9 ± 10 | |||
| Soft Drinks (pop/soda) | 0.91; <0.001 | 0.60; 0.001 | 0.30; 0.004 | ||
| Male | 51.8 ± 70 | 65.0 ± 97 | |||
| Female | 58.5 ± 130 | 54.2 ± 140 | |||
| Beer | <0.001; 0.18 | <0.001; 0.055 | 0.015; 0.023 | ||
| Male | 108.3 ± 145 | 146.4 ± 206 | |||
| Female | 23.8 ± 59 | 31.7 ± 82 | |||
| Wine | 0.087; 0.011 | 0.22; 0.006 | 0.076; 0.012 | ||
| Male | 6.8 ± 23 | 5.7 ± 15 | |||
| Female | 7.9 ± 21 | 14.3 ± 25 | |||
| Liquor | 0.14; 0.008 | <0.001; 0.10 | 0.002; 0.036 | ||
| Male | 29.9 ± 50 | 75.7 ± 106 | |||
| Female | 33.1 ± 66 | 45.5 ± 61 |
All results are shown as mean ± SD
* Significance from 2-way RMANOVA (Group: sex; Time: beginning to end), significantly different with P value ≤0.05, and effect size was determined by partial eta-squared.
a Muffins, scones, sweet rolls, danishes, pop tarts, pancakes, waffles
b Burgers, hot dogs, sausage/bacon, ribs, tacos, pork, lunch meat, mixed meat dishes
c BBQ sauce, mayonaise, ketchup, gravy
Donuts/cakes, macaroni and cheese, salt with vigorous physical activity as a covariate; Donuts/cakes with living arrangement as a covariate; candy, beer with facutly as a covariate.