TABLE 3.
Characteristics of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) from patients with reptile or amphibian exposure, by animal type, United States, 2008–2014
| Reptile/amphibian type(s) | Serotype | PMQR gene type | Resistance† | Ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid MIC (μg/mL) | Specimen source | Patient age in years/sex | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lizards | |||||||
| Bearded dragon | IV 44:z4,z23:- | qnrB | S | 0.5/16 | Stool | <1/F | 2014 |
| Bearded dragon | Apapa | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Stool | 22/M | 2014 |
| Bearded dragon | Telelkebir | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Stool | 61/F | 2014 |
| Geckos | Litchfield | qnrB, aac(6’)-Ib-cr | SuTCipCot | 1/16 | Stool | 1/M | 2008 |
| Iguana | Give | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Stool | 37/F | 2010 |
| Turtles | |||||||
| Turtles‡ | Heidelberg | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Stool | 6/M | 2012 |
| Turtle | Litchfield | qnrB, aac(6’)-Ib-cr | SuTCipCot | 1/16 | Stool | 3/F | 2009 |
| Turtle | Ouakam | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Urine | 14/F | 2012 |
| Turtles | Telelkebir | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Stool | 60/F | 2011 |
| Frogs | |||||||
| Frog | I 4,[5],12:d:- | qnrS | ASuCot | 0.25/4 | Stool | 3/F | 2010 |
| Frog | Manhattan | qnrS | AT | 0.5/16 | Stool | 4/F | 2012 |
| Multiple | |||||||
| Chameleon, snake | Litchfield | qnrS | TCot | 0.25/8 | Stool | 30/F | 2012 |
| Frogs, turtles | Litchfield | qnrB, aac(6’)-Ib-cr | SuTCipCot | 1/8 | Stool | 48/F | 2013 |
| Geckos, iguana, turtles | Saintpaul | qnrS | TCot | 0.5/8 | Stool | 19/M | 2010 |
| Many types of reptiles§ | Guinea | qnrB | None | 0.25/16 | Urine¶ | 50/F | 2014 |
| Lizard#, snake | Urbana | qnrB | None | 0.5/16 | Urine | 20/F | 2014 |
A, ampicillin; Cip, ciprofloxacin; Cot, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; Su, sulfisoxazole; T, tetracycline.
13 agents in 8 classes were tested in all years: aminoglycosides (gentamicin, streptomycin); β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid); cephems (ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, cefoxitin); folate pathway inhibitors (Su, Cot); penicillins (A); phenicols (chloramphenicol); quinolones (Cip, nalidixic acid); and tetracyclines (T). The aminoglycosides amikacin and kanamycin were tested through 2010 and 2013, respectively. The macrolide Azm was tested in 2011–2014; Azm resistance was defined as MIC ≥32 μg/mL.
Child handled turtles in Mexico.
Patient ran a reptile rescue operation and had exposure to many types of reptiles.
Patient reported that she did not have diarrhea.
Type not specified.