Table 1.
Summary of reported organic nUCAs (2015–2018)
| Diameter (nm) | Composition | Core | Ref. | Target strategy | Monitoring time | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanobubbles (NBs) | ||||||
| 478 ± 29 | biotin-PEG-DSPE, DPPC, glycerol | OFP (g) | [19] | HER2 (affibody) | ~2 min | |
| 487 ± 33 | biotin-PEG-DSPE, DPPC, DPPA, glycerol | OFP (g) | [20] | PSMA (nanobody) | ~23 min | |
| 613 ± 25 | DSPE-PEG-COOH, DPPE, DSPC, PEG4000 | OFP (g) | [21●] | HER2 (herceptin) | ~40 min | |
| 74 ± 16 | DPPC, DPPA, DPPE, DSPE-PEG-COOH, pluronic L10, glycerol | OFP (g) | [23] | CA-125 (antibody) | ~10 min | |
| 95 ± 25 | DPPC, DPPA, DPPE, mPEG-DSPE, pluronic; NNDEA, BAC, Irgacure 2959 | OFP (g) | [24] | EPR | ~7 min | |
| Phase-change droplets (PCDs) | ||||||
| ADV | 301 ± 10 | FA-chitosan, alginate-PEG3400, egg lecithin, cholesterol | PFOB (l) | [28●●] | Folate receptor (folic acid) | ~2.6 hours |
| 321 ± 67 | HSPC, DSPE-PEG-Folate, DPPG, cholesterol | PFP (l) | [25] | Folate receptor (folic acid) | NA | |
| 454 ± 3 | DTA-glycol chitosan | PFP (l) | [29●●] | EPR | ~24 hours | |
| 152 – 158 | PLA-CnF2n+1; n = 3, 6, 8, 11 and 13; sodium cholate | PFH (l) | [31] | NA | NA | |
| 432 ± 32 | glycol chitosan, 5β-cholanic acid | PFP (l) | [51] | EPR | ~60 min | |
| ODV | ~374 | PLGA, oleic-acid-coated Fe3O4 NPs, PVA | PFH (l) | [26] | Intra-tumor injection | ~ 5 min |
| ~294 | PLGA, oleic-acid-coated Fe3O4 NPs, PVA | PFP (l) | [32] | Intra-tumor injection | ~ 4 min | |
| ~200 | zonyl FSO fluorosurfactant; Epolight 3072 | PFH (l) | [33] | Sentinel lymph node | NA | |
| 435 ± 41 | PLGA, Carbon NPs, PVA | PFH (l) | [34] | Sentinel lymph node | ~ 2 hrs | |
| 185 ± 39 | SPPG-PC, DSPC, DSPE-PEG-amine; porphyrin | PFB (l) | [35] | EPR | NA | |
| ~400 | DPPC, DSPE-PEG, DSPE-PEG-Cy7.5, propylene glycol, glycerol | DFB (l) | [36] | NA | NA | |
| ~200 | DSPE-PEG, lecithin, cholesterol; IR780 | PFH (l) | [52] | EPR | NA | |
| MDV | ~600 | HIONs | PFH (l) | [37] | Intra-tumor injection | NA |
| RfDV | ~450 | PLGA, PVA | DL-menthol | [38] | Intra-tumor injection | NA |
| MWDV | 132 ± 78 | DPPC, DSPE-PEG-Folate, DPPG, cholesterol | PFP + PFH (l) | [39] | Intra-tumor injection (Folate Receptor) | ~10 min |
| Gas-generating nanoparticles (GGNPs) | ||||||
| CO2 (g) | 290 ± 18 | Poly([CBL]75-[PO]25)/PLGA, Pluronic F68 | [40●●] | EPR | ~4 hours | |
| ~550 | PVO, PVA | [41●●] | Hepatic IR injury | ~60 min | ||
| 152 ± 0.6 | DSPE-PEG-FA, lecithin, cholesterol; GNR | NH4HCO3 | [42] | Folate Receptor (folic acid) | ~4 hours | |
| 174 ± 58 | DPPC, DSPE-PEG, cholesterol | NH4HCO3 | [43] | EPR | NA | |
| ~160 | Diacrylated-pluronic F127, alginate | CaCO3 | [44] | EPR | ~60 min | |
| ~250 | Mesoporous CaCO3 NPs, HMME, HA | CaCO3 | [45] | EPR | NA | |
| ~220 | PLGA, PVA | CaCO3 | [46] | Neuroblastoma (RVGP) | ~30 min | |
| 354 ± 59 | pAsp-PEG; Ce6 | CaCO3 | [47] | NA | NA | |
| 180 ± 15 | PLGA, L-histidine and L-arginine modified chitosan, PVA | mcDNA; NaHCO3 | [48] | NA | NA | |
| 240 ± 8 | pAsp-PEG | CaCO3 | [53] | Intra-tumor injection | ~2 hours | |
| O2 (g) | ~218 | SPIO, polymer glycol chitosan gel | CAT; SOD | [49] | EPR | ~2 hours |
| 239 ± 4 | HA, 5β-cholanic acid | MnO2 and ICG | [50●●] | EPR | ~24 hours | |
Abbreviations: ADV: acoustic droplet vaporization; BAC: N,N-bis(acryoyl) cystamine; CAT: catalase; CA-125: cancer antigen 125; CBL-PO: cholesteryl carbonatebutyrolactone-propylene oxide; DFB: decafluorobutane; DPPA: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (sodium salt); DPPC: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPE: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DPPG: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′ - rac-glycerol) (sodium salt); DSPE: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DTA: diatrizoic acid; EPR: enhanced permeability and retention effect; FA: folic acid; GNR: gold nanorods; HA: hyaluronic acid; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HIONs: hollow iron oxide nanoparticles; Hepatic IR injury: hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury; HMME: hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether; HSPC: L-α-phosphatidylcholine, hydrogenated (Soy); ICG: indocyanine green; MDV: magnetic droplet vaporization; MWDV: microwave droplet vaporization; NNDEA: N,N-diethyl acrylamide; ODV: optical droplet vaporization; OFP: octafluoropropane; pAsp-PEG: Poly(L-aspartic acid)-PEG; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PFB: perfluorobromide; PFH: perfluorohexane; PFOB: perfluorooctyl bromide; PFP: perfluoropentane; p.i: post injection; PLA: polylactic acid; PLGA: poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); PSMA: prostate specific membrane antigen; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; PVO: polyvanillin oxalate; RGD: Arginyl glycyl aspartic acid; RfDV: radiofrequency droplet vaporization; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RVGP: Rabies virus glycoprotein peptide; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SPIO: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SPPG-PC: 1-stearoyl-2-pyropheophorbide-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.