Table 1. Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of HBoV Infection.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 185) | URI (n = 75) | Pneumonia (n = 110) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 57 ± 19 | 53 ± 19 | 59 ± 18 | 0.033 |
| Male | 115 (62.2) | 41 (54.7) | 74 (67.3) | 0.083 |
| Smoking | 0.132 | |||
| Never smoker | 120 (64.9) | 48 (64.0) | 72 (65.5) | |
| Former smoker | 24 (20.5) | 16 (21.3) | 22 (20.0) | |
| Current smoker | 24 (13.0) | 9 (12.0) | 15 (13.6) | |
| Chronic disease | 72 (38.9) | 26 (34.7) | 46 (41.8) | 0.959 |
| DM | 43 (23.2) | 14 (18.7) | 29 (26.4) | |
| COPD | 16 (8.6) | 4 (5.3) | 12 (10.9) | |
| CKD | 5 (2.7) | 3 (4.0) | 2 (1.8) | |
| Others | 21 (11.4) | 8 (10.7) | 13 (11.8) | |
| Immune status | 0.805 | |||
| Immunocompetent | 109 (58.9) | 45 (60.0) | 64 (58.2) | |
| Immunocompromised | 76 (41.1) | 30 (40.0) | 46 (41.8) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.6 ± 4.3 | 23.2 ± 3.5 | 22.2 ± 4.8 | 0.130 |
| Type of infection | 0.035 | |||
| Community-acquired | 119 (64.3) | 55 (73.3) | 64 (58.2) | |
| Nosocomial | 66 (35.7) | 20 (26.7) | 46 (41.8) | |
| Co-infection | 0.615 | |||
| None | 97 (52.4) | 41 (54.7) | 56 (50.9) | |
| Yes | 88 (47.6) | 34 (45.3) | 54 (49.1) | |
| Emergency room visit | 73 (39.5) | 28 (37.3) | 45 (40.9) | 0.239 |
| Admission secondary to infection* | 46/80 (57.5) | 12/34 (35.3) | 34/46 (73.9) | 0.001 |
| ICU admission | 7 (3.8) | 2 (2.7) | 5 (4.5) | 0.703 |
| All-cause mortality, 30 d† | 14 (7.6) | 4 (5.3) | 10 (9.1) | 0.343 |
| All-cause mortality, 90 d† | 24 (13.0) | 6 (8.0) | 18 (16.4) | 0.096 |
| Overall mortality† | 39 (21.1) | 10 (13.3) | 29 (26.4) | 0.033 |
| Neutrophil count | 1.000 | |||
| > 1.0×103/μL | 171 (93.4) | 69 (92.0) | 102 (92.7) | |
| ≤ 1.0×103/μL | 12 (6.6) | 5 (6.7) | 7 (6.4) | |
| Lymphocyte count | 0.084 | |||
| > 0.5×103/μL | 147 (92.4) | 64 (86.5) | 83 (76.1) | |
| ≤ 0.5 × 103/μL | 36 (9.7) | 10 (13.5) | 26 (23.9) | |
| Steroid use | 0.878 | |||
| None | 142 (76.8) | 58 (77.3) | 84 (76.4) | |
| Yes | 43 (23.2) | 17 (22.7) | 26 (23.6) |
Data are indicated as number and percentages in parenthesis or means ± standard deviation unless specified otherwise. *This analysis was restricted to outpatients or patients who visited emergency room, †Specific mortality rates at 30 days, 90 days and overall for HBoV infection without co-infection were 5.2%, 9.3%, and 20.6%, respectively. CKD = chronic kidney disease, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, d = day, DM = diabetes mellitus, HBoV = human bocavirus, ICU = intensive care unit, URI = upper respiratory infection