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. 2019 Jul 4;9:9696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46100-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative peak force error images of WT, JW3601 (ΔrfaJ), JW3606 (ΔrfaG) and JW3596 (ΔrfaC) cells (A) and RMS cell surface roughness (R_surface) for the four strains of interest in this work (B). In order to evaluate the statistical dispersion of R_surface, we use a classical whisker representation for which the bottom and the top of the box are the 25th and the 75th percentiles noted, respectively, 25Q and 75Q. The bold red band in the box corresponds to the median. The ends of the whiskers represent (i) the largest measured cell surface roughness that is less than or equal to the third quartile plus 1.5 times the interquartile range (75Q-25Q), and (ii) the lowest measured cell surface roughness that is larger than or equal to the first quartile minus 1.5 times the interquartile range (75Q-25Q). Data in panel B stem from measurements conducted on 3 to 12 different bacteria (probed cell surface area 500 × 500 nm²) per cell culture and 7 to 11 different cell cultures. Overall, ca. 50 cell images per strain were considered for evaluation of RMS cell surface roughness.