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. 2019 Jul 4;9:9720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45521-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological characterization of re-epithelialization and clot formation in sagittal sections of distally and proximally amputated digits. Non-amputated digits at 4 (a), 5 (b), 6 (c) and 7 (d) dab were used as control. Distally amputated digits after 24 (a’), 42 (b’), 66 (c’) and 120 (d’) hpa. Proximally amputated digits after 24 (a”), 42 (b”), 66 (c”) and 96 (d”) hpa. Clot covering the entire extension of the lesion after 24 hpa, isolating the healthy tissue of the digit from the external environment on distally amputated digit and proximally amputated digit (a’ – a”). Elimination of the tissue invaded by clot after completion of re-epithelialization, taking place 96 h after proximal amputation (d”) and 120 h after distal amputations (d’). Insets in b’ – b” show that re-epithelialization halts in the ossified portion of the terminal phalanx in the distally amputated digit and in the cartilaginous portion of the phalanx in the proximally amputated digit. Mallory trichrome stain. (Scale bars, 100 μm). Amputations performed at 3 days after birth (dab).