Table 2. Epidemiologic factors associated with pathogens of diarrhea.

Epidemiological factors		Possible pathogens
Food-related	Food at hotel or restaurant	Norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter, ETEC, STEC, Listeria, Shigella, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium
	Unpasteurized milk	Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, S. aureus toxin, Cryptosporidium, STEC, Brucella (goat milk products), Mycobacterium bovis, Coxiella burnetii
	Raw or uncooked meat or poultry	STEC (meat), C. perfringens (meat, poultry), Salmonella (poultry), Campylobacter (poultry), Yersinia (pork, pork intestine), S. aureus (poultry), Trichinella (pork, wild animal meat)
	Fruits or vegetables	STEC, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Listeria monocytogenes
	Uncooked eggs	Salmonella, Shigella
	Shellfish	Vibrio, Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Plesiomonas
Exposure or contact	Consumption of unsterilized water	Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shigella, Salmonella, STEC, Plesiomonas shigelloides
	Swimming at a pool	Cryptosporidium
	Prisons	Norovirus, C. difficile, Shigella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, STEC, Rotavirus
	Childcare services	Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shigella, STEC
	Recent antibiotic use	C. difficile, multi-drug-resistant Salmonella
	Travel history to areas with poor public health	Escherichia coli (enteroaggregative, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive), Shigella, Salmonella Typhi, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae,Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, Blastocystis, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, Cryptosporidium
	Contact with pets that have diarrhea	Campylobacter, Yersinia
	Contact with pig stool	Balantidium coli
	Contact with poultry	Non-typhoidal Salmonella
	Visits to farms or zoos	STEC, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter

ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.