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. 2019 Jun 24;110(7):2119–2132. doi: 10.1111/cas.14080

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© 2019 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Putative mechanisms of CRK‐facilitated distant metastasis of bladder cancer (BC) by exosomes. CRK adaptors elevate the expression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 in BC cells and promote the proliferation and invasion through ErbB2/3‐mediated activation of downstream signaling pathways. In addition, CRK and ErbB2/3 proteins can be included in exosomes and transferred to recipient cells in metastatic target organs, such as endothelial cells, contributing to formation of premetastatic niches and subsequent metastasis of BC