Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by sex
| Overall (n = 539) | Female (n = 344) | Male (n = 195) | P value for difference by sex | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 63.8 | – | – | – |
| Age (years) | 13.9 ± 2.0 | 13.6 ± 2.0 | 14.4 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration (months) | 7.9 ± 5.9 | 8.1 ± 6.0 | 7.5 ± 5.7 | NS |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Black non-Hispanic | 33.6 | 36.0 | 29.2 | NS |
| Hispanic | 43.0 | 41.3 | 46.2 | |
| White non-Hispanic | 20.0 | 18.3 | 23.1 | |
| Other | 3.3 | 4.4 | 1.5 | |
| Tanner stage | ||||
| 4–5 | 89.8 | 90.4 | 88.7 | NS |
| <4 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 11.3 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.6 ± 7.8 | 34.3 ± 7.5 | 35.2 ± 8.3 | NS |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 112.7 ± 11.1 | 110.6 ± 10.4 | 116.5 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic | 66.4 ± 8.2 | 65.8 ± 8.3 | 67.4 ± 7.9 | 0.031 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 81.8 ± 8.4 | 80.7 ± 8.4 | 83.8 ± 8.0 | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB use | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.1 | NS |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 | NS |
| UACR (mg/g)* | 30.5 ± 116.0, 7 (8) | 35.1 ± 128.9, 7 (10) | 22.6 ± 88.9, 6 (8) | 0.043 |
| Serum cystatin-C (mg/L) | 0.75 ± 0.12 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.61 ± 0.13 | 0.58 ± 0.11 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||
| Zappitelli combined equation | 109.7 ± 15.1 | 112.2 ± 15.2 | 105.3 ± 13.9 | <0.0001 |
| FAS equation | 116.7 ± 16.4 | 119.6 ± 16.4 | 111.6 ± 15.2 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | NS |
| Insulin sensitivity (1/IF) (mL/µU)* | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | NS |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 38.9 ± 8.8 | 39.7 ± 9.0 | 37.3 ± 8.1 | 0.0021 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)* | 113.6 ± 74.3 | 112.0 ± 69.6 | 116.6 ± 82.0 | NS |
| Triglycerides–to–HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 2.5 | NS |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL)* | 0.44 ± 0.88 | 0.43 ± 0.64 | 0.45 ± 1.21 | NS |
| SUA (mg/dL) | 5.83 ± 1.41 | 5.36 ± 1.17 | 6.65 ± 1.43 | <0.0001 |
| SUA ≥6.8 mg/dL | 25.6 | 11.6 | 50.3 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or percentage, and for UACR, the median (interquartile) is also given. P values for differences by sex were calculated from F tests or χ2 tests. ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; IF, fasting insulin.
*Variables were log-transformed before testing.