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. 2019 Apr 26;42(7):1248–1254. doi: 10.2337/dc19-0120

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© 2019 by the American Diabetes Association.

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. More information is available at http://www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license.

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Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for standardized (actual) HbA_1c, 1,5-AG, GA, and fructosamine with incident dementia among persons dementia-free at baseline. Biomarker values are shown as Z scores (original units). HRs (solid line) and 95% CIs (dashed lines) are from Cox proportional hazard regression, adjusted for age, race, sex, education level, cigarette smoking status (current/former/never), drinking status (current/former/never), APOE e4 (zero, one, or two alleles), hypertension (yes/no), history of stroke (yes/no), and history of CHD (yes/no). Each biomarker was modeled using a restricted cubic spline, with knots at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles, and centered at the median. Histograms of each biomarker are shown separately for persons without (solid bars) and with (outlined bars) diabetes.