Table 1.
Baseline (visit 5, 2011–2013) population characteristics by diabetes* status
| Total | No diabetes | Diabetes |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c <7% | HbA1c ≥7% | |||
| N (%) | 5,099 | 3,318 (65.7) | 1,276 (25.3) | 459 (9.1) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 75.8 (5.0) | 75.8 (5.0) | 76.0 (5.1) | 75.1 (4.7) |
| Female | 59.2 | 60.0 | 58.3 | 55.3 |
| Black | 21.4 | 17.3 | 26.7 | 35.7 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 12.9 | 9.9 | 17.6 | 21.4 |
| High school | 42.5 | 41.9 | 44.0 | 42.5 |
| Higher than high school | 44.7 | 48.2 | 38.5 | 36.2 |
| Current smoking | 5.8 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 5.4 |
| Current drinking | 49.9 | 54.9 | 42.5 | 34.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.8 (5.7) | 27.8 (5.2) | 30.2 (5.8) | 32.0 (6.2) |
| Hypertension | 74.0 | 68.1 | 84.0 | 88.3 |
| History of CHD | 13.7 | 11.6 | 17.8 | 17.7 |
| History of stroke | 3.2 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 7.0 |
| APOE e4 alleles | ||||
| 0 | 72.3 | 72.2 | 72.3 | 72.5 |
| 1 | 25.7 | 25.9 | 25.2 | 25.5 |
| 2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
| Cognitive outcomes† after visit 5 | ||||
| Dementia | 11.1 | 10.0 | 12.5 | 15.5 |
| MCI | 16.8 | 16.2 | 16.6 | 23.2 |
| Cognitive impairment | 20.1 | 19.0 | 20.7 | 25.9 |
Data are percentages unless otherwise noted. The three-level categorization of diabetes and glycemic control excludes 46 persons missing HbA1c data.
*Diabetes was defined based on self-reported diagnosis, use of glucose-lowering medication, or HbA1c of ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). HbA1c of 7% is equivalent to 53 mmol/mol.
†Dementia was categorized using information from study visits, telephone calls with participants or their proxy, or surveillance of hospitalizations and deaths. MCI was defined only in persons examined at visit 6 based on neuropsychological testing. Cognitive impairment includes the following progression in cognitive status from visit 5 to 6: 1) cognitively normal at visit 5, MCI or dementia at visit 6, or dementia from surveillance, or 2) MCI at visit 5, dementia at visit 6, or dementia from surveillance.