Table 2.
Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for cognitive outcomes by diabetes status, glycemic control, and diabetes duration among participants who were cognitively normal at visit 5
| Incident dementia |
Incident MCI |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N‡ (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | n/N‡ (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 164/2,690 (6.1) | 1 (reference) | 302/1,938 (15.6) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 111/1,317 (8.4) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.39) | 153/882 (17.4) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51)* |
| Diabetes and glycemic control | ||||
| No diabetes | 164/2,690 (6.1) | 1 (reference) | 302/1,938 (15.6) | 1 (reference) |
| Diabetes, HbA1c <7% | 77/968 (8.0) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 105/655 (16.0) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40) |
| Diabetes, HbA1c ≥7% (compared with no diabetes) | 32/336 (9.5) | 1.16 (0.77, 1.74) | 48/218 (22.0) | 1.73 (1.26, 2.38)*** |
| Diabetes, HbA1c ≥7% (compared with HbA1c <7%) | 32/336 (9.5) | 1.15 (0.75, 1.77) | 48/218 (22.0) | 1.56 (1.10, 2.21)* |
| Diabetes duration† | ||||
| <5 years | 17/336 (5.1) | 1 (reference) | 30/226 (13.3) | 1 (reference) |
| ≥5 years | 89/921 (9.7) | 1.91 (1.09, 3.35)* | 118/617 (19.2) | 1.58 (1.04, 2.41)* |
Models are adjusted for age, race-center, sex, education level, cigarette smoking status (current/former/never), drinking status (current/former/never), APOE e4 (zero, one, or two alleles), hypertension (yes/no), history of stroke (yes/no), and history of CHD (yes/no). Diabetes was defined based on self-reported diagnosis, use of glucose-lowering medication, or HbA1c of ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). HbA1c of 7% is equivalent to 53 mmol/mol.
†Among persons with diabetes.
‡n/N: the number of incident cases (n) among the total number of participants in that group (N).
*P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.