Table 3.
HRs (95% CI) for incident cognitive impairment and dementia by baseline cognitive status
| Incident cognitive impairment§ among participants dementia-free at baseline |
Incident dementia among participants with MCI at baseline |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N‡ (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | n/N‡ (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 638/3,344 (19.1) | 1 (reference) | 169/639 (26.5) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 390/1,755 (22.2) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.31)* | 125/434 (28.8) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.47) |
| Diabetes and glycemic control | ||||
| No diabetes | 638/3,344 (19.1) | 1 (reference) | 169/639 (26.4) | 1 (reference) |
| Diabetes, HbA1c <7% | 264/1,276 (20.7) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 81/305 (26.6) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.35) |
| Diabetes, HbA1c ≥7% (compared with no diabetes) | 119/459 (25.9) | 1. 38 (1.12, 1.69)** | 39/122 (32.0) | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) |
| Diabetes, HbA1c ≥7% (compared with HbA1c<7%) | 119/459 (25.9) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.63)* | 39/122 (32.0) | 1.35 (0.91, 2.00) |
| Diabetes duration† | ||||
| <5 years | 75/441 (17.0) | 1 (reference) | 27/103 (26.2) | 1 (reference) |
| ≥5 years | 302/1,234 (24.5) | 1.59 (1.23, 2.07)*** | 95/311 (30.6) | 1.40 (0.88, 2.20) |
Models are adjusted for age, race-center, sex, education level, cigarette smoking status (current/former/never), drinking status (current/former/never), APOE e4 (zero, one, or two alleles), hypertension (yes/no), history of stroke (yes/no), and history of CHD (yes/no). Diabetes was defined based on self-reported diagnosis, use of glucose-lowering medication, or HbA1c of ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). HbA1c of 7% is equivalent to 53 mmol/mol.
†Among persons with diabetes.
‡n/N: the number of incident cases (n) among the total number of participants in that group (N).
§Cognitive impairment includes incident MCI in persons cognitively normal at baseline and incident dementia in persons cognitively normal or MCI at baseline.
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.