Table 2.

Comparison of DS-PNDM with non-DS PNDM and autoimmune non-DS PNDM

Characteristic	DS-PNDM (n = 13)	Non-DS PNDM (n = 458)	Autoimmune non-DS PNDM (n = 40)
Age at diabetes diagnosis (weeks)	2.3 (0.4, 7.5)	7 (3, 12)	4 (1, 13.5)
Female sex	23% (3 of 13)	43% (197 of 458)	12.5% (5 of 40)*
Birth weight z score†	−1.23 (−2.65, −0.84) [n = 10]	−1.74 (−2.55, −0.82) [n = 378]	−0.39 (−1.06, 0.29) [n = 30]‡
Positive for ≥1 autoantibodies§	4 of 9 (44%)	21 of 293 (7%)||	13 of 28 (46%)
T1D-GRS	0.61 (0.49, 0.66)	0.55 (0.51, 0.61)	0.57 (0.52, 0.62)

T1D-GRS: centiles based on control subjects with T1D. Age at diabetes diagnosis, birth weight z score, and T1D-GRS are given as median (interquartile range). Other than where indicated, data were similar for all cohorts (P > 0.1).

*Low due to males with IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked) syndrome (n = 25/40).

†Adjusted for sex and gestational age.

‡DS-PNDM vs. autoimmune non-DS PNDM, P = 0.02.

§One or more positive titer for GADA, IA-2A, or ZnT8A.

||DS-PNDM vs. non-DS PNDM, P = 0.006.