DSF/Cu-induced apoptosis is autophagy dependent. The cell lines UACC-812 (A), MDA-MB-231 (B), PDAC6 (C) and PANC-1 (D) were pretreated with or without wortmannin for 6 hours. The cells were further treated with or without DSF/Cu for 24 hours. Treated cells were lysed and analyzed by Western blot for autophagy and apoptosis. Cells were treated with DSF/Cu for 24 hours in the presence or absence of CQ (E - UACC-812, F - MDA-MB-231, G - PDAC6, H - PANC-1) or in the presence or absence of wortmannin and Z-VAD-FMK (I - UACC-812, J - MDA-MB-231, K - PDAC6, L - PANC-1). Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Data generated in triplicate were expressed relative to the mean of vehicle-treated cells in each experiment, for three independent experiments, and shown as mean ± SD (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001).