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. 2019 Jul 3;2:249. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0500-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The hypothetical route of N. oceanica speciation through cellular fusion and nuclear haploidization. The symbiont nucleus may have overthrown the host nucleus during speciation of Nannochloropsis. The cell fusion mode of speciation needs no evolution of new structure and function, which should aid to fast speciation of Nannochloropsis. Instead of free floating, the plastid homing in the host cytoplasm may be enveloped by either one or two layers of cytoplasmic reticulum, forming a continuum with nucleus and dividing simultaneously with nucleus