Table 2.
Food portions from 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs) among those who reported the same portion size on the revised quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ2) in the Hawaii – Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort
| QFFQ2 | 24HDRs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food itemsa | Portion size | Assigned amountb |
Men (M) | Women (W) | M vs. W | |||
| n | mean ± sd (g) | n | mean ± sd (g) | p-valuec | ||||
| Beef, Lamb, or Veal (such as steak, roast, teriyaki beef, carne asada, machaca)”” | Bd | Photo B (3 ounces or 1 chop) | 85 g | 23 | 147.4 ± 57.6***e | 31 | 97.5 ± 54.9 | 0.0016 |
| Roasted, Baked, Grilled, or Stewed Chicken (such as ground, in sandwiches, teriyaki, cornish hen) | B | Photo B (1 breast, 2 thighs, 3 wings, or 1 sandwich) | 120 g | 28 | 92.7 ± 55.5* | 31 | 96.7 ± 52.7**f | 0.7685 |
| Sausage (such as pork, beef, Portuguese, Vienna, Polish, hot links, chorizo) | B | 2–3 pieces or links or 1 patty | 75 g | 20 | 93.3 ± 55.9 | 24 | 60.8 ± 55.4** | 0.0510 |
| White Rice (includes musubi, rice pilaf, jook, rice gruel) | B | 1 rice bowl (1 cup) or 1 musubi | 200 g | 49 | 199.7 ± 85.8 | 31 | 145.0 ± 83.4*** | 0.0036 |
| Brown or Wild Rice | B | 1 cup or 2 scoops | 194 g | 20 | 180.9 ± 97.7 | 21 | 126.1 ± 87.7** | 0.0397 |
| Lettuce or Tossed Salad (all varieties) | B | 1 cup | 61 g | 52 | 57.3 ± 31.9 | 56 | 49.8 ± 31.1* | 0.2249 |
| C | 1–1/2 cups or more | 92 g | 58 | 68.9 ± 43.4*** | 48 | 51.7 ± 44.4*** | 0.0475 | |
| Tomatoes (fresh or canned) | B | 4 slices or 1/2 medium tomato | 81 g | 20 | 64.4 ± 64.8** | 35 | 69.6 ± 62.4 | 0.7695 |
| Regular Salad Dressings or Mayonnaise Added to Salads | B | 1 Tablespoon | 15 g | 33 | 18.9 ± 13.2 | 40 | 18.5 ± 13.7 | 0.9148 |
| C | 2 Tablespoons or more | 30 g | 33 | 27.0 ± 22.7 | 23 | 20.7 ± 23.3 | 0.2769 | |
| Eggs Cooked or Raw (includes egg salad) | B | 1 egg or 1 sandwich | 53 g | 32 | 72.6 ± 33.0 | 61 | 56.1 ± 32.9 | 0.0215 |
| C | 2 eggs or more | 106 g | 45 | 116.6 ± 65.8 | 25 | 89.1 ± 64.2 | 0.0951 | |
| Dark Leafy Greens (such as spinach, collard greens, watercress, mustard cabbage, choi sum, chard) | B | Photo B (1/2 cup) | 71 g | 23 | 72.3 ± 76.0 | 26 | 52.3 ± 76.3 | 0.3300 |
| Other Green Vegetables (such as celery, zucchini, green peppers, asparagus) | B | Photo B (1/2 cup) | 75 g | 38 | 75.5 ± 72.0 | 37 | 58.4 ± 69.6 | 0.2943 |
| Carrots (raw or cooked) | A | Photo A (4 to 5 sticks or less) | 25 g | 23 | 60.2 ± 47.8** | 28 | 59.4 ± 49.1* | 0.9533 |
| B | Photo B (1/2 cup or 1 medium) | 72 g | 22 | 51.6 ± 34.6** | 31 | 42.7 ± 33.4*** | 0.3548 | |
| Onions (yellow, white, or red, raw or cooked) (such as in sandwiches, as garnish, in salads, fried onion rings) | A | 1 Tablespoon chopped or 1 slice | 7 g | 29 | 35.9 ± 42.4*** | 36 | 33.8 ± 39.7*** | 0.8404 |
| B | 1/4 cup | 41 g | 26 | 44.4 ± 40.8 | 35 | 30.1 ± 37.8 | 0.1641 | |
| Other Vegetables (such as cucumber, mixed vegetables, mushrooms, sprouts, eggplant) | B | Photo B (1/2 cup) | 59 g | 37 | 64.2 ± 62.5 | 50 | 47.4 ± 60.1* | 0.2047 |
| Oranges (excluding juices, includes tangerines, madarin oranges) | B | 1 orange or 2 tangerines or 1 cup | 160 g | 23 | 124.4 ± 55.5* | 26 | 110.1 ± 54.2*** | 0.3684 |
| Apples (fresh or dried) and Applesauce | B | 1 apple or 1 cup | 132 g | 27 | 121.8 ± 55.1 | 41 | 108.7 ± 54.6** | 0.3376 |
| Bananas | B | 1 banana (8 inch) | 118 g | 58 | 108.3 ± 41.6 | 48 | 97.3 ± 43.0*** | 0.1826 |
| Other Fruits (fresh, canned, or dried) (such as grapes, raisins, strawberries, nectarines, honeydew melon) | A | 1/2 cup or less | 81 g | 33 | 58.3 ± 70.2 | 48 | 56.9 ± 67.0** | 0.9311 |
| B | 1 cup | 162 g | 29 | 76.5 ± 49.8*** | 35 | 70.5 ± 50.6*** | 0.6380 | |
| Other Fruit Juices or Fruit Drinks (such as cranberry juice cocktail, apple juice, passion-orange drink) | B | Large glass (8 ounces) | 240 g | 21 | 264.5 ± 147.8 | 22 | 260.6 ± 155.7 | 0.9319 |
| White Bread (such as French, pan dulce, Portuguese sweet bread, pita, in sandwiches) | B | 2 slices | 66 g | 30 | 87.2 ± 60.3 | 29 | 63.6 ± 54.3 | 0.1139 |
| Whole Wheat or Rye Bread (such as pumpernickel, whole wheat pita, in sandwiches) | B | 2 slices | 56 g | 59 | 52.3 ± 13.5* | 49 | 42.5 ± 13.5*** | 0.0003 |
| Buns and Rolls (includes bagels, English muffins) | B | 1 item (3 inch) | 45 g | 28 | 57.3 ± 20.6** | 26 | 46.1 ± 19.9 | 0.0464 |
| Butter Added to Bread Items | A | spread thin | 5 g | 23 | 12.5 ± 10.6** | 27 | 11.3 ± 10.6* | 0.6982 |
| Jam or Jelly Added to Bread Items | A | spread thin | 7 g | 22 | 19.2 ± 9.5*** | 25 | 13.6 ± 9.9*** | 0.0616 |
| Mayonnaise in Sandwiches | A | spread thin | 5 g | 41 | 19.2 ± 15.6*** | 48 | 12.4 ± 15.7*** | 0.0363 |
| Cooked Cereals (such as oatmeal, corn grits, cream of wheat) | B | 1 cup or individual packet | 206 g | 30 | 188.1 ± 95.1 | 28 | 174.5 ± 98.4 | 0.5889 |
| Regular Cheese (such as American, cheddar, Monterey, Queso Chihuahua) | B | 1 slice (1 ounce) | 28 g | 43 | 34.8 ± 22.4 | 44 | 32.4 ± 22.1 | 0.6127 |
| Crackers and Pretzels (such as soda, graham, Wheat Thins, Japanese rice crackers) | A | 4 to 5 snack or 1 large cracker | 15 g | 20 | 19.7 ± 12.8 | 22 | 17.2 ± 12.9 | 0.5154 |
| B | 6 to 10 snack or 2 large crackers | 27 g | 22 | 33.0 ± 23.3 | 21 | 23.7 ± 21.8 | 0.1749 | |
| Peanuts or Other Nuts (includes trail mix) | B | 1/4 cup | 32 g | 33 | 51.5 ± 45.2 | 26 | 32.3 ± 43.1 | 0.0890 |
| Chips (such as potato, tortilla, corn, chicharrones, pork rinds) | B | 1 snack bag or 1 cup | 28 g | 20 | 29.1 ± 16.1 | 20 | 26.9 ± 16.6 | 0.6536 |
| Regular Sodas | B | 1 can or large glass | 360 g | 32 | 365.9 ± 98.7 | 23 | 356.8 ± 100.2 | 0.7318 |
| Diet Sodas | B | 1 can or large glass | 360 g | 27 | 367.4 ± 118.9 | 20 | 352.7 ± 115.9 | 0.6769 |
a
Food items that were reported in both the 3-days 24HDRs and the QFFQ2 by ≥20 men and ≥20 women
b
Assigned amount of usual portion size in QFFQ2
c
Mean portions were adjusted for race/ethnicity and compared between men and women using a linear regression model
d
The portion sizes are ordered so that A is the smallest, B, C, and D is the largest
e
Comparison between the mean portions from 24HDRs and the assigned portion size of QFFQ2 among men (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
f
Comparison between the mean portions from 24HDRs and the assigned portion size of QFFQ2 among women (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)