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. 2019 Jul 3;10:2040622319860653. doi: 10.1177/2040622319860653

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© The Author(s), 2019

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 3. — Administration of LGG improved serum bone turnover markers and biomechanical properties at 8 weeks.

Serum levels of P1NP (marker of bone formation) (a), CTX-1 (marker of bone resorption) (b), and the TDF concentration (serum TDF concentration was undetectable because no TDF was administered in the Sham group) (c). (d) The biomechanical parameters of maximum load, energy to ultimate load, Young’s modulus, stiffness, and breaking energy were evaluated using a 3-point flexural test. n = 8–10 mice per group in all panels. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. All data were normally distributed according to the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc tests applying the LSD correction for multiple comparisons.

^*p < 0.05 compared with the Sham group.

^#p < 0.05 compared with the LGG+TDF group.

^%p < 0.05 compared with the E. coli+TDF group.

^$p < 0.05 compared with the TDF group.

ANOVA, analysis of variance; CTX-1, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen; LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; LSD, least significant difference; P1NP, procollagen 1 N-terminal peptide; SD, standard deviation; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ZOL, zoledronic acid.