Table 1.
Participant demographic, anthropometric, metabolic, and eating behavior characteristics in men (n = 201), women (n = 106) and in Native Americans (n = 160) and Other Ethnicities (n = 147)
| Variable | All | Men | Women | Native Americans | Other Ethnicities | Restrained eaters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 307 | 201 | 106 | 160 | 147# | 59 |
| Age (years) | 35.1 ± 9.7 | 35.6 ± 9.6 | 34.2 ± 9.9 | 34.2 ± 8.8 | 36.0 ± 10.6 | 35.8 ± 9.8 |
| Body weight (kg) | 92.1 ± 22.4 | 91.9 ± 22.0 | 92.3 ± 23.2 | 95.1 ± 22.5 | 88.8 ± 21.9* | 88.6 ± 20.9 |
| Height (cm) | 170 ± 9 | 175 ± 7 | 163 ± 5* | 169 ± 8 | 172 ± 9* | 169 ± 10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.8 ± 7.9 | 30.2 ± 7.1 | 34.9 ± 8.4* | 33.4 ± 7.9 | 30.0 ± 7.5* | 31.3 ± 7.4 |
| Body fat (%) | 30.7 ± 9.1 | 26.3 ± 7.1 | 39.2 ± 5.9* | 32.7 ± 8.0 | 28.6 ± 9.7* | 30.6 ± 10.0 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 29.4 ± 13.5 | 25.3 ± 11.8 | 37.2 ± 13.3* | 32.0 ± 13.1 | 26.6 ± 13.5* | 27.8 ± 12.6 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 62.7 ± 12.5 | 66.7 ± 11.6 | 55.1 ± 10.6* | 63.1 ± 12.9 | 62.2 ± 12.2 | 60.8 ± 13.5 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 93.4 ± 8.5 | 93.3 ± 8.5 | 93.5 ± 8.7 | 93.2 ± 9.5 | 93.7 ± 7.4 | 94.9 ± 9.2 |
| 2-h glucose (mg/dL) Respiratory chamber |
124 ± 30 | 122 ± 29 | 128 ± 31 | 127 ± 30 | 120 ± 29 | 126 ± 31 |
| 24-h INTAKE (kcal/day) | 2265 ± 344 | 2367 ± 292 | 2072 ± 354* | 2276 ± 347 | 2254 ± 342 | 2176 ± 333 |
| 24-h EE (kcal/day) | 2278 ± 384 | 2382 ± 370 | 2080 ± 330* | 2383 ± 377 | 2164 ± 359* | 2177 ± 391 |
| 24-h RQ (ratio) | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.04 |
| 24-h energy balance (kcal/day) | −13 ± 286 | −15 ± 283 | −8 ± 293 | −107 ± 268 | 91 ± 271* | −1 ± 244 |
| 24-h energy balance (% of 24-h EE) | 0.5 ± 12.6 | 0.6 ± 12.0 | 0.4 ± 13.8 | −3.8 ± 11.2 | 5.2 ± 12.4* | 1.1 ± 11.5 |
| Sleeping EE (kcal/day) | 1695 ± 271 | 1764 ± 259 | 1565 ± 244* | 1736 ± 273 | 1652 ± 262* | 1652 ± 280 |
| Spontaneous physical activity (%) | 7.0 ± 4.5 | 6.1 ± 5.7 | 6.7 ± 4.9 | 7.2 ± 5.3 | 6.1 ± 4.5 | 6.0 ± 3.9 |
| EE0 activity (kcal/14∙hrs) | 1320 ± 219 | 1386 ± 207 | 1195 ± 187* | 1339 ± 228 | 1300 ± 209 | 1262 ± 222 |
| Awake and fed thermogenesis (kcal/14∙hrs) | 331 ± 119 | 357 ± 121 | 282 ± 98* | 327 ± 128 | 336 ± 108 | 303 ± 120 |
|
TFEQ |
||||||
| Cognitive Restraint (score) | 6.9 ±4.2 | 6.4 ± 4.0 | 7.9 ± 4.2* | 6.7 ± 3.8 | 7.2 ± 4.5 | |
| Restrained eaters (n) $ | 59 (19%) | 32 (16%) | 27 (25%)* | 27 (17%) | 32 (22%) | |
| Disinhibition (score) |
5.0 ± 3.3 | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 6.3 ± 3.7* | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 4.7 ± 3.8* | |
| Disinhibited eaters (n) $ | 52 (17%) | 21 (10%) | 31 (29%)* | 22 (14%) | 30 (20%) | |
| Hunger Cues (score) |
4.7 ± 3.3 | 4.5 ± 3.2 | 5.0 ± 3.4 | 4.7 ± 3.1 | 4.6 ± 3.5 | |
| Susceptible to hunger cues (n) $ | 64 (21%) | 40 (20%) | 24 (23%) | 30 (19%) | 34 (23%) |
Data are presented as mean±SD.
*:
boldface indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups as assessed by Students t-test, Mann-Whitney U test (for TFEQ scores), or Chi-squared test.
#:
77 Whites, 27 Blacks, 22 Hispanics, and 21 subjects of mixed ethnicity.
$:
Individuals were classified according to TFEQ cutoff values as: restrained (score>10), disinhibited (>8), and susceptible to hunger cues (>7).