Table 2.
Depressive symptoms and adverse outcomes of participants and their newborns
| Total (n = 100) mean ± SD or n (%) | Low diabetes distress (n = 64) mean ± SD or n (%) | High diabetes distress (n = 36) mean ± SD or n (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated depressive symptoms antepartum (PHQ9 ≥ 12) | 10 (10.0%) | 2 (0.03%) | 8 (22.2%)** | <0.001 |
| Elevated depressive symptoms postpartum (PHQ9 ≥ 12) | 12 (12.0%) | 3 (0.05%) | 9 (25.0%) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight in grams | 3273 ± 659 | 3390 ± 508 | 3065 ± 832 | 0.02 |
| Hospitalization neonatology | 19 (19.0%) | 11 (17.2%) | 8 (22.2%) | 0.54 |
| Macrosomia | 9 (9.0%) | 7 (10.9%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0.37 |
| Jaundice | 8 (8.0%) | 3 (4.7%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.11 |
| Hypoglycemia | 6 (6.0%) | 3 (4.7%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0.47 |
| Shoulder dystocia | 2 (2.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.29 |
| Other* | 16 (16.0%) | 10 (15.6%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0.37 |
| Caesarean section | 28 (28.0%) | 16 (25.0%) | 12 (33.3%) | 0.38 |
| Hypertension | 10 (10.0%) | 5 (7.8%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.37 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0.18 |
| Perineal tearing | 23 (23.0%) | 16 (25.0%) | 7 (19.4%) | 0.53 |
| Episiotomy | 9 (9.0%) | 3 (4.7%) | 6 (16.7%) | <0.05 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (0.02%) | 1 (0.03%) | 0.68 |
| Adverse pregnancy outcomes | ||||
| Yes | 71 (71.0%) | 40 (62.5%) | 31 (86.1%) | <0.01 |
| No | 29 (29.0%) | 24 (37.5%) | 5 (13.9%) | |
*among which low heart rate, fever, hypoxia