Table 1.
Type 1 DM patients' characteristics after the application of the exclusion criteria of other cause of neuropathy and pain (n = 360).
| Features | Mean (SD) or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 42 (14.4) |
| Sex, n (%) | |
| Male | 178 (49.4) |
| Female | 182 (50.6) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Caucasian | 349 (96.9) |
| Black | 10 (2.8) |
| Other | 1 (0.3) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |
| Single | 149 (41.4) |
| Married/living together | 196 (54.4) |
| Separated/divorced | 2 (0.6) |
| Widowed | 13 (3.6) |
| Referral n (%) | |
| Followed up by a GP | 105 (29.2) |
| Hospital | 255 (70.8) |
| Educational level (years), mean (SD) | 11.6 (4.4) |
| Smoking habits, *n (%) | |
| Never smoked | 220 (61.3) |
| Current smoker | 99 (27.6) |
| Ex-smoker | 40 (11.1) |
| Alcohol, *n (%) | |
| Yes | 139 (38.8) |
| No | 219 (61.2) |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 19.2 (±12.47) |
| HbA1c %, mean (SD) | 8.1 (1.75) |
| Body mass index mean (SD) | 24.9 (3.9) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |
| Systolic, mean (SD) | 131.9 (±15.1) |
| Diastolic, mean (SD) | 72.3 (±29.9) |
| Nephropathy, n (%) | |
| Yes | 150 (41.7) |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | |
| Yes | 160 (45.5) |
| Clinical DSPN, n (%) | |
| Yes | 152 (42.8) |
| Painful DSPN, n (%) | |
| Yes | 67(18.9) |
SD, standard deviation; GP, General Practitioner; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; DSPN, distal symmetrical sensory-motor polyneuropathy;
*
Some subjects did not report their smoking habits (1 = missing) and alcohol consumption habits (n = 2 missing).