Table 2.
Included ex vivo studies for qualitative analysis
| Author + year | Subjects | MWA system | Ablation zone measured by | Ablation protocol (energy and time) | Ablation diameter (cm) | Ablation volume (mL) | Sphericity index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hines-Peralta et al 2006 [9] | Bovine 120 ablations | A | GP | 50–150 W 4–20 min | 3.0 × 3.5–7.6 × 12.3 | 16.5–372.0a | 0.33–0.75 |
| Lopresto et al 2012 [35] | 3 bovine liver | B | GP | 30 W 10 min | 3.7 ± 0.4 × 3.2 ± 0.4 | 19.8a | 0.75 |
| Sommer et al 2012 [39] | 8 porcine 15 ablations | B | GP | 20–105 W 5 min | 2.3 × 4.0–3.5 × 6.7 | 11.1–42.3 | 0.27–0.33 |
| Lubner et al 2012 [10] | Bovine 18 ablations | C | GP | 135 W 4–16 min | 3.5 ± 0.2–4.8 ± 0.2 | – | – |
| Hoffmann et al 2013 [12] | 13 bovine 108 ablations | ABDE | GP | Manufacturer recommendations |
A: 4.34 B: 4.55 D: 4.09 E: 2.68 |
A: 57.5 B: 72.3 D: 56.0 E: 17.1 |
A: 0.75 B: 0.68 D: 0.58 E: 0.64 |
| Collettini et al 2013 [41] | 50 cuboid bovine | E | MR | 45 W 7 min | – |
7.3 ± 2.1 (seq1) 4.7 ± 1.6 (seq2) |
– |
| Dodd et al 2013 [37] |
15 blood-perfused bovine livers 60 ablations |
G | GP | 60 W 10 min | 4.73 ± 0.21 × 2.93 ± 0.10–5.22 ± 0.17 × 2.82 ± 0.12 | 21.30 ± 0.95–22.6 ± 1.53 | 0.29–0.38 |
| Liu et al 2014 [17] | 6 bovine | C | GP | 100 W 10 min | 6.45 ± 0.36 × 3.88 ± 0.2 | 50.8a | 0.36 |
| Niemeyer et al 2015 [20] | Bovine | A | GP | 60–180 W for 2, 4, and 6 min | Plots with diameters | Plots with volumes | – |
| Cavagnaro et al 2015 [21] | Bovine 32 ablations | B | GP |
5 W 10 min; 10 W 10 min; 15 W 10 min; 20 W 10 min; 40 W 10 min |
1.40 ± 0.09 × 1.18 ± 0.08 2.18 ± 0.13 × 1.84 ± 0.18 2.51 ± 0.14 × 2.20 ± 0.10 3.17 ± 0.29 × 2.73 ± 0.46 4.33 ± 0.18 × 3.63 ± 0.08 |
1.02a 3.86a 6.36a 12.37a 25.60a |
0.71 0.71 0.77 0.74 0.70 |
| Cavagnaro et al 2015 [22] | Bovine | B | GP | 60 W 10 min | 5.34 ± 1.7 × 4.29 ± 2.0 | 51.46a | 0.65 |
| Paul et al 2015 [23] | 3 porcine | B | CT | 100 W 4.5 min | 4.1 ± 0.2 × 5.6 ± 0.2 | 49.29a | 0.54 |
| Kim et al 2015 [24] | Bovine | D | GP |
Single 24 W 675 s; multi 14-24 W 401 s; single 28 W 339 s; multi 16-28 W 306 s |
1.72 × 1.84; 1.56 × 1.69 2.21 × 2.38 1.92 × 2.14 |
4.63 ± 0.5; 3.75 ± 0.8 15.33 ± 3.4 10.98 ± 2.5 |
0.87 0.85 0.86 0.80 |
| Pillai et al 2015 [25] | Perfused bovine | D | GP | 25-28 W; temperature 110°; 17 min |
4.4 ± 0.31 × 5.8 ± 0.4 (− heat sink) 3.6 ± 0.4 × 4.8 ± 0.3 (+ heatsink) |
232 ± 28 (− heat sink) 181 ± 21 (+ heatsink) |
0.58 0.56 |
| Dodd et al 2015 [37] | Blood-perfused bovine | C | GP | 140 W 5 and 10 min | 5.61 ± 0.20 × 3.2 ± 0.08; 6.51 ± 0.20 × 3.81 ± 0.07 |
30.22 ± 1.85; 49.30 ± 1.85 |
0.33 0.4 |
| Ringe et al 2015 [30] |
Perfused porcine 108 ablations |
E | GP | 45 W 10 min | 2.1 × 1.5 | 2.47a | 0.51 |
| Weiss et al 2015 [33] | 16 bovine livers | B | GP |
40 W 1 min 2 min 3 min 6 min 10 min |
0.76 1.08 1.30 1.79 2.14 |
– | |
| Harari et al 2016 [8] | Bovine | C | GP | Simultaneous 2 and 3 antennas 50 W 5 min |
3.56 ± 0.39 × 4.51 ± 0.63; 3.97 ± 0.29 × 4.97 ± 0.32; |
32.1 ± 5.5; 45.8 ± 8.8; |
0.62 0.64 |
| Amabile et al 2016 [11] |
20 bovine livers 108 ablations |
B | GP |
3–30 min 20–130 W |
1.6 ± 0.1 × 2.4 ± 0.3–7.2 ± 0.4 × 10.1 ± 0.7 | 3.22–274.15a | 0.66–0.70 |
A Acculis, B Amica, C NeuWave 140, D AveCure, E Evident, F Emprint, G MicroThermX, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, GP gross pathology
aEstimated volume