Table 2.
Other studies in which moral injury scales in Table 1 were used (ordered by year of publication) (n = 20).
| Reference | Design | Population Studied | Events vs. Symptoms | MI Dimension | No. Items (Rating) | Source Scale | Psychometrics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bryan et al. (46) | CS | 97 ADM | Symptoms only | Guilt | 6 (0-4) | PFQ-2 | α = .85 |
| Bryan et al. (28) | CS | 151 ADM | Events and symptoms | Transgressions by self, by others, and betrayal | 9 (1-6) | MIES | 3 factors reported α’s > .79 reported |
| Currier et al. (47) | CS | 131 Veterans | Events and symptoms | Betrayal, moral violations, guilt, others | 19 (1-4) | MIQ-M | — |
| Bryan et al. (48) | CS | 464 ADM or Veterans | Symptoms only | Guilt | 6 (0-4) | PFQ-2 | α = .85 |
| Bryan et al. (22) | CS | 151 ADM 935 ADM | Events and symptoms | Transgressions by self, by others, and betrayal) | 9 (1-6) | MIES | 3 factors demonstrated α’s = .83-.96 |
| Wisco et al. (49) | CS | 564 Veterans | Events and symptoms | Transgressions by self, by others, and betrayal | 9 (1-6) | MIES | 3 factors reported α = .88 (total) |
| Lancaster and Erbes (50) | CS | 182 Veterans | Symptoms only | Shame | 10 (0-4) | PFQ-2 | α = .92 |
| Guilt | 5 (0-4) | α = .88 | |||||
| Ferrell et al. (51) | CS | 37 Veterans | Events and symptoms | Betrayal, moral violations, guilt, others | 19 (1-4) | MIQ-M | — |
| Currier et al. (52) | CS | 125 Veterans | Events and symptoms | Betrayal, moral violations, guilt, others | 19 (1-4) | MIQ-M | — |
| Evans et al. (25) | CS | 155 Veterans | Events and symptoms | Transgressions, by self, by others, and betrayal | 9 (1-6) | MIES | 3 factors reported α = .91 |
| Houtsma et al. (53) | CS | 522 ADM | Events and symptoms | Transgressions by self, by others, and betrayal | 9 (1-6) | MIES | 3 factors reported α’s = .75-.94 |
| Jordan et al. (54) | CS | 867 Marines | Events and symptoms | Transgressions by self and betrayal | 7 (1-6) | MIES (partial) | 2 factors reported α’s = .84-.93 |
| Martin et al. (55) | CS | 562 ADM | Symptoms only | Betrayal | 3 (1-6) | MIES (partial) | 1 factor reported α = .86 |
| Cunningham et al. (56) | CS | 988 Veterans with PTSD | Symptoms only | Guilt (hindsight bias, wrongdoing, lack of justification) | 22 (0-4) | TRGI cognitions | α = .91 |
| Yeterian et al. (planned) (57) | RCT | 186 Veterans | Symptoms only | Guilt Shame |
32 (0-4) 24 (0-3) |
TRGI TRSI |
— — |
| Dedert et al. (58) | CS | 50 Veterans | Symptoms only | Guilt (hindsight bias, wrongdoing, lack of justification) | 18 (0-4) | TRGI cognitive subscales | — |
| Volk and Koenig (21) | CS | 103 ADM w PTSD symptoms | Symptoms only | 10 MI symptom categories | 45 (1-10) | MISS-M-LF | α = .92 |
| Norman et al. (59) | CS | 254 ADM | Symptoms only | Guilt (hindsight, bias, wrongdoing, lack of justification) | 22 (0-4) | TRGI cognitions | — |
| Koenig et al. (20) | CS | 373 Veterans w PTSD symptoms | Symptoms only | 10 MI symptom categories | 45 (1-10) | MISS-M-LF | α = .92 ICC = .91 |
| Zerach and Levi-Belz (60) | CS | 191 Israeli combat Veterans | Events and symptoms | Transgressions by self, by others, and betrayal | 9 (1-6) 19 (1-4 |
MIES MIQ-M |
— — |