Table 1.
Summary of major findings related to the neuroprotective effects of sulforaphane in various neurologic disease states
| Topic | Article | Model | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neurodegeneration | |||
| AD | Hou et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2018 | Mouse transgenic AD | Reduced amount of Aβ and phosphorylated tau and their aggregation in the brain; reduced memory deficits |
| Zhang et al., 2014 | Mouse aluminum and D-galactose-induced AD | Reduced cholinergic neuron loss in hippocampus and septum | |
| Angeloni et al., 2015 | Cultured neurons with methylglyoxal | Reduced cell death | |
| Park et al., 2009 | Cultured neurons with Aβ | Reduced cell death | |
| Memory | Wang et al., 2016 | Rat streptozotocin-induced DM | Reduced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons; reduced memory impairment |
| Sunkaria et al., 2018 | Mouse MG132 exposure | Protection against loss of spatial memory and memory consolidation | |
| Lee S et al., 2014 | Mouse scopolamine exposure | Protection against memory loss; increased level of ACh in hippocampus | |
| PD | Zhou et al., 2016 | Mouse rotenone-induced PD | Improved locomotor activity; reduced dopaminergic neuron loss in brain |
| Morroni et al., 2013 | Mouse 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD | Improved motor coordination; reduced neuron apoptosis | |
| Morroni et al., 2018; Deng et al., 2012 | Mouse 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD | Reduced dopaminergic neuron loss | |
| Vauzour et al., 2010 | Cultured cortical neurons with 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine | Reduced neuron loss | |
| Jazwa et al., 2011 | Mouse MPTP-induced PD | Reduced loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons | |
| Siebert et al., 2009 | Nigrostriatal culture of rat brain exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine | Reduced neuron loss | |
| Prion diseases | Lee JH et al., 2014 | Human neuroblastoma cells exposed to PrP | Reduced cell death |
| HD | Luis-García et al., 2017 | Rat quinolinic-acid-induced HD | Reduced mitochondrial dysfunction |
| Jang et al., 2016 | Mouse 3-NP-induced HD | Improved neurological behavior; reduced animal death; reduced neuron loss | |
| Stroke and injury | Yu et al., 2017 | Rat 60 min occlusive injury | Improved neurological function scores; reduced infarct volume |
| Wu et al., 2012 | Cultured rat cortical neurons 1 h glucose-oxygen deprivation | Reduced cell death and injury | |
| Soane et al., 2010 | Cultured primary mouse immature hippocampal neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation | Reduced delayed neuronal death | |
| Soane et al., 2010 | Cultured primary mouse immature hippocampal neurons exposed to hemin | Reduced neuron loss | |
| Black et al., 2015 | Rat surgically-induced IUGR | Improved neurocognitive function in offspring; protection against loss of white matter and hippocampal neurons in offspring | |
| Yin et al., 2015 | Rat induced basal ganglia hemorrhage | Improved neurological function | |
| Zhao et al., 2009 | Mouse and rat induced ICH | Reduced neuron damage | |
| Mao et al., 2011 | Mouse compressive SCI | Improved locomotor function; reduced neuron loss | |
| Wang et al., 2012 | Rat mechanical SCI | Reduced contusion volume; improved motor coordination | |
| Benedict et al., 2012 | Rat contusive SCI | Improved locomotor function; increased 5-HT axons | |
| Hong et al., 2010 | Mouse and rat TBI | Improved neurological function; reduced contusion size; reduced neuron loss | |
| Epilepsy | Pauletti et al., 2017 | Rat electrically-induced epilepsy, co-treatment with N-acetylcysteine | Reduced frequency of seizures; reduced hippocampal neuron loss; improved cognitive function |
| Socała et al., 2017 | Mouse electrically-induced seizure | Potentiation of anti-convulsant effect of carbamazepine; at high concentrations, caused reduced seizure threshold | |
| Carrasco-Pozo et al., 2015 | Mouse epilepsy and SE models | Increased ATP production; anticonvulsant effect | |
| Diabetes and neuropathy | Negi et al., 2011 | Cultured peripheral neurons | Improved conduction velocity and blood flow |
| Negi et al., 2011 | Rat streptozocin-induced DM | Improved pain behavior | |
| Yang et al., 2018 | Mouse oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy | Improved pain sensation; improved mitochondrial function in DRG | |
| Di et al., 2016 | Rat nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia | Reduced tactile threshold | |
| Wang et al., 2016 | Rat streptozocin-induced DM | Reduced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons; reduced memory impairment | |
| Ren et al., 2018 | Mouse streptozocin-and high fat diet-induced DM-associated retinopathy | Improved ONL thickness; reduced retinal cell apoptosis | |
| Psychosis | Shirai et al., 2015 | Mouse PCP-induced model of schizophrenia | Improved cognitive function |
| Mas et al., 2012 | Human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells exposed to antipsychotic medications and dopamine | Reduced cell death | |
| Shiina et al., 2015 | Human patients with schizophrenia | Improved accuracy component of one card learning task | |
| GBM | Kumar et al., 2017 | Cultured human monocytes in glioma-conditioned media | Increased mature dendritic cell development; reduced harmful monocyte transformation |
| Friedrich’s ataxia | Petrillo et al., 2017 | Cultured frataxin-deficient motor neurons | Increased neurite number and amount of extension |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2016 | Rat ammonia-induced encephalopathy | Improved learning; improved motor coordination |
| Hernandez-Rabaza et al., 2016 | Rat ammonia-induced encephalopathy | Improved spatial learning | |
| Herpes encephalitis | Schachtele et al., 2012 | Mouse HSV encephalitis | Reduced neuronal damage; reduced neuroinflammation |
| ASD | Singh et al., 2014 | Human men with ASD | Improved measures of aberrant behavior, social responsiveness, social interaction, and verbal communication |
| Bent et al., 2018 | Human children with ASD | Improved measures of social responsiveness | |
| Toxins | Bi et al., 2017 | Rat carbon monoxide exposure | Improved mitochondrial function; reduced hippocampal neuron damage |
| Innamorato et al., 2008 | Mouse LPS exposure | Reduced inflammatory markers in brain | |
| Townsend et al., 2017 | Mouse LPS exposure | Reduced inflammatory markers in hippocampus | |
| Dwivedi et al., 2016 | Rat okadaic acid exposure | Improved memory; reduced neuron apoptosis in cortex and hippocampus | |
| Wang et al., 2013 | Zebrafish larvae cadmium exposure | Reduced olfactory tissue damage | |
| Ishihara et al., 2012 | Cultured rat hippocampus exposed to TBT | Reduced cell death | |
| Chang et al., 2010 | Cultured rat spinal cord exposed to glutamate | Reduced glutamate-associated neuronal damage | |
| Shavali et al., 2008 | Human neuroblastoma cells exposed to arsenic and dopamine | Reduced cell death | |
| Pearson et al., 2016 | Cultured mouse neurons exposed to various neurotoxins | Reduced biochemical damage | |
Aβ: Amyloid β, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, ACh: Acetylcholine, ASD: Autism spectrum disorder, DM: Diabetes mellitus, GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme, HD: Huntington’s disease, HSV: Herpes simplex virus, ICH: Intracerebral hemorrhage, IUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction, LPS: Lipopolysaccharide, MPTP: Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, ONL: Outer nuclear layer, PCP: Phencyclidine, PD: Parkinson’s disease, PrP: Prion protein, SCI: Spinal cord injury, SE: Status epilepticus, TBI: Traumatic brain injury, TBT: Tributyltin, 3-NP: 3-nitropropionic acid, DRG: Dorsal root ganglion, ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)