Table 2.

Common types of infection and diagnostic crtiteria in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).

Type of infection	Diagnostic criteria
Spontaneous bacteremia	Positive blood cultures without a source of infection
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	Ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cells >250/ml
Urinary tract infection	Urine white blood cell >15/high power field with either positive urine Gram stain or culture
Pneumonia	New pulmonary infiltrate in the presence of: (1) at least one respiratory symptom (cough, sputum production, dyspnea, pleuritic pain); (2) at least one finding on auscultation (rales or crepitation) or one sign of infection (core body temperature >38°C or <36°C, shivering or leucocyte count >10,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3) in the absence of antibiotics
Cellulitis	Fever with cellulitis
Bacterial enteritis	Diarrhea or dysentery with a positive stool culture for Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, or pathogenic E. coli
Fungal infection	Do not consider host factors and clinical manifestations Pathology identifies invasive fungal infection Isolation of pathogenic fungi from infected or non-infected areas