Table 1.
Descriptive checklist of the included studies.
| Article | Subjects | Interventions | Outcomes (only intergroup differences are presented) |
|---|---|---|---|
| OLDER ADULTS | |||
| Lam et al. (50) | 73 older adults, 40 women, mean age: 82.3 ± 7.3 years. WBV + exercise (WBV+E): n = 25, 12 men, 13 women, mean age 84 years Exercise: n = 24, 10 men, 14 women, mean age 82.4 years. Control: n = 24, 11 men, 13 women, mean age 80.3 years. |
8weeks, 3 times per week. WBV + E: Fitvibe medical WBV system (GymnaUniphy NV, Bilzen, Belgium), dynamic exercises, 4 × 1min/1–2min, 30 Hz (weeks 1–4) and 40 Hz (weeks 5–8), 0.9 mm, vertical displacements. Exercise: identical exercise program without WBV. Control: social and recreational activities that only involved the upper limbs. |
WBV + E vs. Exercise: No significant effect for TUG (SMD = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.74, 0.38) and the 6MWT (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI: −0.35, 0.78). |
| Wei et al. (69) | 80 community dwelling seniors with sarcopenia. Low frequency group: n = 20, 7 men, 13 women, mean age 78 years Medium frequency group: n = 20, 7 men, 13 women, mean age 75 years High frequency group: n = 20, 5 men, 15 women, mean age 74 years Control group: n = 20, 5 men, 15 women, mean age 76 years |
3 days/week over a 12-week period, WBV: 4 mm for all training groups, knee joint flexed at 60°, Fitvibe excel, GymnaUniphy NV, Bilzen, Belgium, vertical vibrations. Low frequency group: 20Hz × 720s Medium frequency group: 40Hz × 360s High frequency group: 60Hz × 240s Control group: no extra training |
Low frequency group vs. control: no significant difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.84, 0.41) Medium frequency group vs. control: no significant difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.40, 95% CI: −1.03, 0.22) High frequency group vs. control: no significant difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.30, 95% CI: −0.92, 0.33) |
| Goudarzian et al. (45) | 42 healthy old men. WBV: n = 11, mean age 66, 58 years. MT: n = 12, mean age 69, 20 years. WBV+MT: n = 10, mean age 67, 80 years. Control: n = 9, mean age 68, 90 years. |
3 times a week, 8 weeks WBV: Novotec, Pfor- zheim, Germany, static and dynamic exercises, 6 × 45–85s/45–85s, 30–35 Hz, 5–8 mm, n MT: relaxation techniques. WBV+MT: combination of vibration and MT that was the half-time of each protocol. Control: Daily routine. |
WBV vs. Control: no difference between group for the TUG test (SMD = −0.60, 95% CI: −1.50, 0.31). Significant improvement of the 10MWT in favor of the WBV (SMD = −1.32, 95% CI: −2.32, −0.33). |
| Sitjà-Rabert et al. (64) | 159 older people, 107 women, 52 men, with a mean age of 82 years. WBV + exercise group: n = 81, n Exercise group: n = 78, n |
6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. WBV + exercise group: Pro5 Airdaptive Model; PowerPlate, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, static/dynamic exercises, n, 30–35 Hz, 2–4 mm, n Exercise group: same static/dynamic exercises without vibration platform. |
WBV + exercise group vs. exercise group: No difference between group for the TUG test (SMD = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.39, 0.34) No difference between group for the Tinetti gait score (SMD = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.44, 0.27) |
| Santin-Medeiros et al. (62) | 37 elderly women, mean age 82.4 years. WBV group: n = 25. Control group: n = 18. |
8-month, 2 sessions per week WBV: Fitvibe Excel Pro; GymnaUniphy NV Bilzen, Belgium,18 exercises, 6/session, 1–2 sets/exercise, 30–35/exercise, 6 min-6 min50 s/ session, 20 Hz, 2 mm. Control: maintain their habitual lifestyle |
WBV vs. control: Groups were statistically different at baseline for the TUG test. WBV: No significant improvement of the TUG test post WBV (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI: −0.49, 0.78). |
| Buckinx et al. (36) | 62 nursing home residents. WBV group: n = 31, 11 men, 20 women, mean age 82.2 years. Control group: n = 31, 3 men, 27 women, mean age 84.2 years. |
6 months, 3 training sessions every week. WBV group: Vibrosphère, knees flexed, 5 × 15 s/30 s, 30 Hz, 2 mm, vertical vibrations. Control group: normal daily life. |
Lack of data post WBV. WBV vs. control: authors reported no significant inter group difference for the TUG test, Tinetti gait score and for the parameters recorded by the Locometrix (p > 0.05). |
| Lee et al. (53) | 55 Elderly Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy WBV + BE group: n = 19, 9 men, 10 women, mean age 76.31 years. Balance exercise group (BE): n = 18, men:7, women:11, mean age: 74.05 years. Control group: n = 18, 8men, 10 women, mean age 75.77 years. |
6 weeks, twice per week, same physical therapy. WBV + BE group: Galileo 2000, Novotec Medical GmBH, Germany, 3/week, squatting position, 3 × 3min/1-min, 15-30 Hz, 1–3 mm, n BE group: strength, balance, and functional mobility training. Control group: n |
WBV + BE group vs. BE group: Significant improvement of the TUG test in favor of the WBV group (SMD = −0.72, 95% CI: −1.39, −0.06). |
| Beaudart et al. (31) | 62 nursing home residents. WBV group: n = 31, 11 men, 20 women, mean age 82.2 years. Control group: n = 31, 4 men, 27 women, mean age 84.2 years. |
3 months, 3 training sessions every week. WBV: Vibrosphere, static position with a knee flexion, 5 × 15/30 s, 30 Hz, 2mm, vertical vibrations. Control group: requested neither to change their lifestyle during the study nor to get involved in any new type of physical activity. |
WBV vs. control: No significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = −0.10, 94% CI: −0.59, 0.40) and the Tinetti test (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI: −0.20, 0.80). Lack of data post WBV for the Locometrix system. The authors reported no significant inter group difference for the parameters recorded by the Locometrix (p > 0.05). |
| Gómez-Cabello et al. (44) | 49 non-institutionalized elderly (20 men and 29 women; aged 75.0 ± 4.7 years). WBV: n = 24, n Control: n = 25, n |
11 weeks, 3 times per week. WBV: Pro5 Power plate, London, UK, squat position, 10 × 45/60s, 40Hz, 2mm. Control: not participate in any training. Asked not to change their lifestyle. |
WBV vs. control: No difference between group for the 6MWT (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI: −0.03, 1.11). |
| Bogaerts et al. (32) | 111 elderly women over 70 years of age WBV group: n = 54 Control group: n = 57 |
6 mouths, 3 sessions per week; WBV group: Powerplate, 2–5 dynamic exercises. 4 × 15s/60s (start of the study), 12 × 60s//5s (6mouths). 30-40HZ, 1,6–2,2g, n Control group: no training program. |
WBV vs. control group: No significant difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.55, 0.20) and the 10MWT (SMD = −0.26, 95% CI : −0.63, 0.12) at preferred speed. No significant difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.68, 0.07) and the 10MWT (SMD = −0.10, 95% CI: −0.47, 0.27) at maximum speed. |
| Mikhael et al. (56) | 19 older adults mean age 64, 4 years (range 50–80). WBV with flexed knees (FK): n = 6, 4 men, 2 women, mean age 63.3 years WBV with locked knees (LK): n = 5, 3 men, 2 women, mean age 69 years Sham: n = 8, 4 men, 4 women, mean age 62.3 years |
20 min, 3 days per week, 3 months, static exercises, 39 × 1min/1min, 12 Hz, 1 mm WBV with FK: vibration platform engineered by Australian Catholic University (2004), knee angle at 20 WBV with LK: lock knees Sham: The amplitude was set to 0 mm, giving 0 g magnitude. |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported no between groups difference after WBV for the 6MWT (p = 0.61), habitual and maximal gait velocities (p = 0.80 and p = 0.58, respectively). |
| Machado et al. (55) | 26 community-dwelling elderly women WBV: n = 13, mean age 79.3 years Control: n = 13, mean age 76.2 years |
3–5 times a week, 10 weeks WBV: Fitvibe, GymnaUniphy NV, Bilzen, Belgium, half squat, deep squat, wide stance squat, calves, 1–2 sets/exercise, 30–60 s/120–180 s, 2–4 mm, 20–40 Hz, increased progressively, n Control: requested to do not change their lifestyle during the study |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported a significant improvement of the TUG test post WBV(p < 0.05) but no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). |
| Furness and Maschette. (40) | 73 older adults, 38 females and 35 males, mean age 72 ± 8 years 1 WBV session per week: n 2 WBV sessions per week: n 3 WBV sessions per week: n Control group: n |
0, 1, 2, or 3 times a week, 6 weeks. WBV interventions: n, static, knees flexes at 110°, 5 × 1min/1min, 15–25 Hz, 0,5mm, vertical vibrations. Control group: The zero group did not participate in any WBV sessions. |
1 WBV vs. control: No significant between group difference for the TUG test (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI : −0.10, 1.24) 2 WBV vs. control: No significant between group difference for the TUG test (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI: −0.10, 1.24) 3 WBV vs. control: No significant between group difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.45, 95% CI: −1.11, 0.20) |
| Rees et al. (59) | 43 older adults, untrained, 23 men and 20 women WBV group: n = 15, mean age 74.5 years Exercise group: n = 13, mean age 73.1 years Control group: n = 15, mean age 73.1 year |
3 sessions a week, 8weeks, low- intensity walking at least 3 times a week WBV group: Novotec, Pforzheim, Germany, static and dynamic exercises, 6 × 45–80s/45–80s, 26 Hz, 5–8 mm, increased progressively, vertical displacements. Exercise group: same exercises without WBV. Control group: low intensity walking |
WBV vs. exercise group: No significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = −0.35, 95% CI: −1.10, 0.40) and the 10MWT (SMD = −0.25 95% CI: −0.99, 0.50). WBV vs. control: no significant difference between group for the TUG test (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.75, 0.31) and the 10MWT test (SMD = −0.29, 95% CI: −1.01, 0.43). |
| Bautmans et al. (30) | 24 older adults, nursing home residents. WBV: n = 13, 5 men, 8 women, mean age 76.6 years. Sham: n = 11, 4 men, 7 women, mean age 78.6 years. |
3 times weekly, 6 weeks WBV: Power- Plate, Badhoevedorp, The Netherlands, 2–4 static lower limb exercises/sessions, 1–3 × 30–60s/30–60s, 35–40 Hz, 2–5 mm, increased progressively, vertical vibrations. Sham: same exercise program on the vibration plate, but without vertical vibrations. |
WBV vs. sham: No significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = −0.38, 95% CI: −1.25, 0.48) and the Tinetti test (SMD = 0.00, 95% CI:−0.86, 0.86). |
| Bruyere et al. (9) | 42 older adults, nursing home residents WBV + Physical therapy: n = 22, 4 men, 18 women, mean age 84.5 years Physical therapy: n = 20, 7 men, 13 women, mean age 78.9 years |
3 times a week, 6 weeks, same PT 10 min WBV + Physical therapy: n static exercise, 4 × 60 s/90 s, 10–26 Hz, 3–7 mm, vertical vibrations. Physical therapy: PT only. |
Lack of data post WBV. Groups were statistically different at baseline for the TUG test (p = 0.04). The authors reported a significant decrease of 11.0 ± 8.6 s post WBV for the TUG test and an increase of 3.5 ± 2.1 points post WBV for the Tinetti gait score. |
| PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) | |||
| Spielmanns et al. (71) | 28 subjects with COPD stage II-IV. WBVT group: n = 12, 8 men, 4 women, mean age 62.4 years. Conventional training group (CTG): n = 16, 9 men, 7 women, mean age 68 years. |
3 months, 2 sessions/week, same resistance, and endurance training. WBVT group: Galileo vibration platform (No- votec Medical, Pforzheim, Germany), 3 × 20 squat repetitions, 24–26 Hz,3 mm, side-alternating vibration. CTG: same of squat exercises but without WBVT. |
WBV vs. control: no significant difference between groups for the 6MWT (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI:−0.05, 1.50). |
| Spielmanns et al. (65) | 29 subjects with stable COPD in stage I to III WB group: n = 14, 7 men, 7 women, mean age 69 years. Calisthenics group: n = 14, 7 men, 7 women mean age 70 years. |
3 months, twice per week. WBV group: Galileo, Novotec Medical, Pforzheim, Germany, isometric squat position, 3 × 2 min/2 min, 6 −10 Hz, 4–6mm, side-alternating vibration. Calisthenics group: relaxation, breathing retraining, calisthenics exercises. |
WBV vs. Calistenic: no significant difference between groups for the 6MWT (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI:−0.23, 1.32). |
| Salhi et al. (61) | 62 patients with COPD WBV-group: n = 31, 21 men, 10 women, mean age 58 years. Conventional resistance training (RT): n = 31, 23 men, 8 women, mean age 63 years. |
12 weeks, 3 times a week, same pulmonary rehabilitation program. WBV-group: FITVIBE, Gymna, Belgium, 8 upper and lower body exercises, 1–3 sets/exercise, 30–60s/n 27 Hz, 2 mm, vertical vibrations. RT: lower and upper body exercises, 3 × 10repetitions |
WBV vs. RT: no significant difference between groups for the 6MWT (SMD = −0.24, 95% CI: −0.79, 0.31) |
| Pleguezuelos et al. (57) | 51 stable male patients with COPD Whole Body Vibration Training Group: n = 26, mean age 68.4 years. Control group: n = 25, mean age 71.3 years. |
6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, regular prescribed medical treatment. WBVTG: Gymnauni phy. Nv. Pasweg 6a 3740 Bilzen, Belgium, squatting position, 6 × 30s/60s, 35Hz and 2mm, vertical vibrations. Control Group: general recommendations about physical activity and lifestyle. |
WBV vs. control: no significant difference between groups for the 6MWT (SMD = 2.59, 95% CI 1.83, 3.35). |
| STROKE | |||
| Alp et al. (28) | 21 post stroke patients WBV: (n = 10), 10 men, 0 women, mean age 61.20 ± 11.043 years. Control group: (n = 11) 9 men, 2 women, mean age 62.9 ± 8 years |
4 weeks, 3 days a week, stretching and active range of motion exercises on the hemiplegic lower extremity for 15 min. WBV: Compex Winplate by Uniphy Elektromedizin GmbH and CoKG, tiptoes, 3 × 10s/3–20 s, 5min, 40 Hz, 4 mm,n Control group: same exercises, no vibration. |
Lack of data post WBV. The groups were statistically different at baseline for the 10MWT (p < 0.001). The authors reported a significant improvement of the 10MWT in favor of the WBV group (p < 0.001). |
| Choi et al. (72) | 30 individuals who presented with a gait deviation after a first stroke (>6 months). WBV-Treadmill Training (TT): n = 15, 8 men, 7 women, mean age 51.93 years. TT group: n = 15, 11 men, 4 women, mean age 53.67 years. |
6 weeks, 3 times a week, 20 min of TT for both groups. WBV- TT: Galileo 2000, (Novotec, Germany, 2011), dynamic exercises, 6 × 45s/1min20-30 HZ, 3 mm, side- alternating vibration. TT group: same exercises on the platform without vibration. |
No significant difference between group for the Walking speed (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI: −0.40, 1.04) and stride length (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI: −0.23, 1.23). |
| Choi et al. (38) | 22 individuals who were diagnosed with strokes at least 6 months prior to the study. WBV group: n = 11, 8 males, 3 females, mean age 50.9 years. Control group: n = 11, 7 males, 4 females, mean age 52.2 years. |
4 weeks, 5 times per week. WBV group: Galileo tilt table (Novotec Medical, Germany), squat posture, 10 min/session, 25 Hz, 5 mm,n Control group: 30 min of Neuro-developmental treatment as the experimental group. |
WBV vs. control group: no significant difference between group for the TUG test (SMD = −0.50, 95% CI : −1.35, 0.35). |
| Liao et al. (54) | 84 individuals with hemispheric stroke persisting for more than 6 months before the time of enrolment low-intensity WBV group (LWBV): n = 28, 20 men, 8 women, mean age 60.9 years High-intensity WBV group (HWBV): n = 28, 18 men, 10 women, mean age 62.9 years Control (CON): n = 28, 24 men, 4 women, mean age 59.8 years. |
3 times a week, 30 sessions, same dynamic and static exercises, Gymna Fitvibe Medical System, Gymna Uniphy Pasweg, Bilzen, Belgium, synchronous vibrations. LWBV: 20 Hz, 1 mm HWBV: 30 Hz, 1 mm Control (CON): standing on the same WBV platform turned off. |
LWBV vs. control: no significant difference between group for the 6MWT (SMD = 0.05 95% CI:−0.47, 0.58) and for TUG test (SMD = −0.10 95% CI: −0.62, 0.43). HWBV vs. Control: no significant difference between group for the 6MWT (SMD = −0.03, 95% CI−0.55, 0.50) and for TUG test (SMD = −0.25, 95% CI: −0.77, 0.28). |
| Lau et al. (51) | 82 chronic stroke patients. WBV group: n = 41, 26 men, 15 women, mean age 57.3 years. Control group: n = 41, 32 men, 9 women, mean age 57.4 years. |
8 weeks, 3 times a week. WBV: Jet-Vibe System (Danil SMC Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea), dynamic leg exercises, 6 exercises, 9–15 × 1,5-2, 5min/n, 20–30 Hz, 0.44–0.60 mm, vertical vibrations. Control group: same exercises without vibration. |
WBV vs. control: no significant improvement of the 6MWT (SMD = −0.22 95% CI = −0.66, 0.21) and the 10MWT (SMD = 0.39 95% CI: −0.05, 0.83). |
| Brogårdh et al. (35) | 31 individuals with chronic stroke. WBV: n = 16, 13 men, 3 women, mean age 61.3 years. Control group: n = 15, 12 men, 3 women, mean age 63.9 years. |
6 weeks, 2 sessions/week. WBV training: Xrsize, static position knee flexed,4–12 × 40–60s/1min, 25Hz, 3.75 mm, vertical vibrations. Control group: placebo vibrating platform (25Hz,0.2 mm amplitude). |
WBV vs. control group: groups were different at baseline for the TUG test and the 6MWT. The authors reported significant improvements in both outcomes after WBV (p < 0.05) |
| van Nes Ilse et al. (67) | 53 post-stoke patients WBV group: n = 27, 16 males, 11 females, mean age of 59.7 years. Exercise therapy on music group: n = 26, 14 males, 12 females, mean age of 62.6 years. |
6 weeks, 5 days per week, physical therapy WBV group: Galileo 900, Galileo 2000, Enschede, The Netherlands, squat position hips and knees slightly flexed, 4 × 45 s/60 s, 30 Hz, 3 mm, Side-alternating vibration. Exercise therapy on music group: same standing position, exercises and relaxation. |
WBV vs. exercise therapy on music group: no significant difference between groups (SMD = 0.00, 95% CI: −0.54, 0.54). |
| KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS | |||
| Bokaeian et al. (33) | 28 patients with knee osteoarthritis. WBV + Strength Training (ST): n = 15, 0 men, mean age 51.8 years Strength Training: n = 13, 2 men, 11 women, mean age 54 years. |
8 weeks, 3 times a week, both groups received same PT and strengthening exercises protocol. WBV + ST group: Fitvibe device (Italy), bent knees, 6–9 × 30–70 s/30–70 s, 25–30 HZ, 2 mm, progressively increased, vertical vibrations. Strength Training: flexion and extension exercise of knee joint, 3 sets, 10 RM, progressive load. |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported significant improvements for the 2MWT, 50FWT and TUGT in favor of the WBV + ST group (p = 0.009). |
| Wang et al. (68) | 49 patients with knee osteoarthritis. Whole Body Vibration Exercise + Quadriceps Resistance Exercise group: n = 49, 13 men, 36 women, mean age 61.2 years. Quadriceps Resistance Exercise only group: n = 50, 15 men, 35, women, mean age 61.5 years. |
24 weeks, 5 days/week. WBV + QRE: My7TM model Personal Plate, Power Plate, USA, knees slightly flexed, 30 × 60 s/60 s, 35 Hz, 4–6 mm,n Quadriceps Resistance Exercise: static and dynamic exercises. |
WBV + QRE vs. QRT: significant improvement in favor of the WBV+QRE group for the TUG test (SMD = −3.11 95% CI: −3.71, −2.52) and the 6MWT (SMD = 1.68, 95% CI : 1.22, 2.14) |
| Simão et al. (63) | 31 elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis. WBV group: n = 10, mean age 75 years. Squat group: n = 10, mean age 73.4 years. Control group: n = 11, mean age 71 years. |
12 weeks, 3 times per week. WBV group: FitVibe, squat exercise, 6–8 × 20–40 s/20–40 s, 35–40 HZ, 4 mm, vertical vibrations. Squat group: 3s of isometric contraction. Control group: without intervention. No change their lifestyle. |
WBV vs. Control group: no significant difference between groups for the 6MWT (SMD = 0.56, 95% CI: −0.26, 1.37) and gait speed (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI−0.42, 1.20). |
| Avelar et al. (29) | 21 elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. WBV group: n = 11, mean age 75 years. Control group: n = 10, mean age 71 years. |
12 weeks, 3 times per week. WBV: FitVibe, GymnaUniphy NV, Bilzen, Belgium, squat training with WBV, 6–8 × 20–40 s/20–40 s, 35 Hz−40 Hz, 4 mm, n Control: squat training without vibration. |
WBV vs. control group: no significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = 0.06, 95% CI: −0.80, 0.91). Significant improvement of the 6MWT in favor of the WBV group (SMD = 1.49, 95% CI: 0.49, 2.48). |
| POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN | |||
| Sucuoglu et al. (66) | 42 postmenopausal women patients WBV- Balance Coordination Exercise (BCE) group: n = 21, mean age 56 years. BCE group: n = 26, mean age 58.76 years. |
4 weeks, 10 sessions per week, identical BCE programs. WBV-BCE group: Power Plate (Performance Health Systems UK Ltd, London, UK), 3 static positions, 2 × 30 s/60 s 30–35 Hz. 5 sessions per week, vertical vibrations. BCE group: 20-min exercise sessions at home, twice per day. |
Significant difference at baseline between groups for the TUG test. The authors reported significant improvement compared with pretreatment values in both groups (p < 0.005). |
| Iwamoto et al. (48) | 52 ambulatory postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. WBV group: n = 26, mean age 72.4 years. Control group: n = 26, mean age 76 years. |
6 months, n WBV group: Galileo machine (G- 900; Novotec, Pforzheim, Germany), bent knees, 4 min, 20 HZ, n, side to side alternating vibrations. Control group: no exercise. |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported no significant difference between groups for the TUG test (p > 0.05) but significant improvement in favor of the WBV group for the 10MWT (p < 0.05). |
| Raimundo et al. (58) | 27 postmenopausal women WBV: n = 14, mean age 66 years Walk based program: n = 13, mean age 66 years. |
3 times a week, 8 months WBV: Galileo 154 2000, Novotec GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany, static knees flexed at 120°, 3–6 × 1 min/1 min, 12,6 Hz, 6 mm, increased each week, side-alternating oscillations. Walk based program: 2 × 25 min of walk, 70–75% HRmax |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported a significant improvement of the 10MWT post WBV (p = 0.006). |
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | |||
| Ebrahimi et al. (39) | 34 multiple sclerosis patients with mild to moderate disability WBV group: n = 17, 5 men, 12 women, mean age 37.06 years. Control group: n = 17 4 men, 13 women, mean age 40.75 years. |
10 weeks, 3 times a week. WBV group: n, static positions, 15 × 30s−2 min/30 s−5 min, 2–20 Hz, 2 mm, n Control group: continued their normal life |
WBV vs. control group: no significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = −0.47, 95% CI: −1.20, 0.26). Significant improvement in favor of the WBV group for the 10MWT (SMD = −1.05, 95% CI: −1.82, −0.28) and the 6MWT (SMD = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.43, 2.01). |
| Broekmans et al. (34) | 25 ambulatory community- based patients with multiple sclerosis. WBV: n = 11, 7 men, 4 women, mean age 46.1 years Control: n = 14, 11 men, 3 women, mean age 49.7 years |
5 sessions per 2-week cycle, 20 weeks WBV: Alpha Vibe® Nijverdal, The Netherlands, 2–5 static and dynamic leg squats and lunges, 1–3 × 30–60 s/30–120 s, 20–45 Hz, 2.5 mm, increased progressively, vertical vibrations. Control: maintain their usual lifestyle |
Groups were statistically different at baseline for the TUG test and 2MWT. The authors reported no significant effects in both groups for the TUG test (p = 0.26) and the 2MWT (p = 0.25). |
| OTHER PATHOLOGIES IN ADULTS | |||
| In et al. (47) | 28 patients who were diagnosed with incomplete cervical spinal injury WBV group: n = 14, 9 men, 5 women, mean age 46.1 ± 9.8 years Control group: n = 14, 10 men, 4 women, mean age 49.9 ± 9.3 years |
8 weeks, 5 days a week, twice a day, conventional physical therapy WBV group: TT2590X7, TurboSonic Co., South Korea, semi-squat with slight flexion (140°) at hips, knees and ankles, 4 × 45 s/1 min, 30Hz, 2–4 mm, vertical vibrations. Control group: 16 min of placebo WBV and 30 min of physical therapy. |
WBV vs. Control group: No significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = −0.64, 95 CI: −1.40, 0.13) and the 10MWT (SMD = −0.23, 95% CI:-0.97, 0.52). |
| Gerhardt et al. (42) | 22 adult patients with stable, symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). WBV group: n = 11, 7 men, 4 women, mean age 65.1 years. Control group: n = 11, 6 men, 5 women, 46 years. |
4 weeks, 16 sessions. WBV group: Galileo MedM plat- form (Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany), specific coordination exercises, n, 20 Hz, 20 mm, side alternating vibrations. Control group: received WBV in a second phase. |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors indicated that WBV was associated with a significant improvement of the 6MWD versus baseline of +38.6 ±6.6 m (p < 0.001) |
| Gloeckl et al. (43) | 83 patients after lung transplantation. WBVT group: n = 34, 16 men, 18 women, mean age 56 years. Control group: n = 36, 22 men, 14 women, mean age 56 years. |
4 weeks, 3 times per week, same pulmonary rehabilitation program. WBVT group: GALILEO, Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany, squat exercises, 4 × 2min/4min, 24–26 Hz, 6 mm, side alternating vibrations. Control group: same squat training on the floor. |
lack of data post WBV The authors reported a between group difference of 28 m (95%CI: 3 m to 54 m, p = 0.029) significantly different in favor of WBVT. |
| Gaßner et al. (41) | 17 participants diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. WBV group: n = 8, 6 men, 2 women, mean age 71.4 years. Placebo group: n = 9, 7 men, 2 women, mean age 68.2 years. |
5 weeks, 2–3 times a week. WBV group: SRT Zeptor Medical plus noise, static position, 5 × 60 s/60 s, knees slightly bents, 6 Hz, 3 mm, n Placebo group: stood on the vibration platform in the same basic position. |
WBV vs. placebo group: no significant difference between group for the TUG test (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI: −1.34, 0.59), velocity (SMD = −0.21, 95% CI: −1.17, 0.74) and step length (SMD = 0.14, 95% CI: −0.81, 1.09). |
| Johnson et al. (49) | 16 individuals, 3–6 weeks post total knee arthroplasty WBV: n = 8, 6 men, 2 women, mean age 67 years Traditional Progressive Resistance Exercise (TPRT): n = 8, 4 men, 4 women, mean age 68.5 years |
3 session a week, 4 weeks WBV: Power Plate, Badhoevendorp, The Nertherlands, static and dynamic exercises, 4–6 exercises/session, 1–3 set/exercise, 30–60 s/n,35 Hz, 2–5 mm, n TPRE: 1–3 SET of 10 REP for strengthening exercises for lower limbs, exercises were progressed once the patient could complete the exercise |
WBV vs. TRPE: no significant difference for the TUG test (SMD = −0.59, 95% CI: −1.59, 0.42). |
| Ahlborg et al. (27) | 14 persons with cerebral palsy, spastic diplegia WBV: n = 7, 4 men, 3 women, mean age 32 years Resistance training: n = 7, 4 men, 3 women, mean age 30 years |
Three times weekly, 8 weeks, same warming up and stretching WBV: NEMES-LSC (Nemesis BV, Hengelo, The Netherlands), standing position, hips and knees in 50° of flexion, 1–4 × 30–110 s/15–120 s, increased progressively, 11 levels of intensity, 25–40 Hz, 7/10 on the Borg Scale, n Resistance training: leg press, 3 SET of 10–15 REP, progressive load. |
WBV vs. RT: no significant difference between groups for the TUG test (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: −0.77, 1.34). |
| OTHER PATHOLOGIES IN CHILDREN | |||
| Högler et al. (46) | 24 children (5–16 years) with clinically mild to moderate osteogenesis imperfecta. WBV training: n = 12, 6 men, 6 women, mean age 9.38 years. Control group: n = 12, 6 men, 6 women, mean age 6.49 years. |
5 months, twice-daily, home use WBV training: Galileo MTM, Novotec Medical, Pforzheim, Germany), static and dynamic exercises, 3 × 3 min/3 min, 20–25 Hz, side alternating vibrations. Control group: continued to receive regular care. |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported no significant difference between groups for the 6MWT (p = 0.278) |
| Cheng et al. (37) | 16 children with cerebral palsy, 8 boys and 8 girls, mean age 9.2 years. WBV group: n = 8, n Control group: n = 8, n |
8-week WMV intervention followed by an 8-week control condition, with a 4-week rest (crossover study). WBV: AV-001A, Body Green, Taipei, Taiwan, static position, 10 min, 20 Hz, 2 mm, vertical vibrations. Control: same procedure with the machine turned off. |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported a significant difference between the treatment and control condition for the 6MWT (p = 0.005). |
| Lee and Chon. (52) | 30 patients with either the spastic diplegia or quadriplegia forms of cerebral palsy WBV group: n = 15, 6 men, 9 women, mean age 10 years. Control group: n = 15, 9 men, 6 women, mean age 9.66. |
8 weeks, 3 days per week, conventional PT. WBV: Galileo system (Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany), squat position, 6 × 3 min/3 min, 5–25 Hz, 1–9 mm, side alternating vibrations. Control group: conventional physical therapy training. |
WBV vs. control group: Significant improvement in favor of the WBV group for the gait speed (SMD = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.60, 2.22) and stride length (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67) |
| Ruck et al. (60) | 20 children with cerebral palsy WBV: n = 10, 8 boys, 2 girls mean age 8.3 years Control: n = 10, 6 boys, 4 girls, mean age 8.1 years |
Physiotherapy according to the established school program, 6 months, 5 days per week WBV: Vibraflex Home Edition II®, Orthometrix Inc, White Plains, NY. Outside of North America, Galileo Basic, knees and hips flexed 10–45°, dynamic exercises, 3 × 3 min/3 min, 12–18 Hz, 2–6 mm, side to side alternating vertical vibrations. Control: Physiotherapy only |
Lack of data post WBV. The authors reported a significant improvement of the 10MWT in favor of the WBV (p = 0.03). |
WBV, Whole body vibration; TUG, Timed up and go test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 2MWT, 2-minute walk test; 50FWT, 50-feet walk test; 10MWT, 10-meter walk test.